Advertisement
Review Article| Volume 38, ISSUE 3, P455-470, September 2018

Pain Management Testing by Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry

      Keywords

      To read this article in full you will need to make a payment

      Purchase one-time access:

      Academic & Personal: 24 hour online accessCorporate R&D Professionals: 24 hour online access
      One-time access price info
      • For academic or personal research use, select 'Academic and Personal'
      • For corporate R&D use, select 'Corporate R&D Professionals'

      Subscribers receive full online access to your subscription and archive of back issues up to and including 2002.

      Content published before 2002 is available via pay-per-view purchase only.

      Subscribe:

      Subscribe to Clinics in Laboratory Medicine
      Already a print subscriber? Claim online access
      Already an online subscriber? Sign in
      Institutional Access: Sign in to ScienceDirect

      References

        • O'Donnell J.K.
        • Gladden R.M.
        • Seth P.
        Trends in deaths involving heroin and synthetic opioids excluding methadone, and law enforcement drug product reports, by census region - United States, 2006-2015.
        MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2017; 66: 897-903
        • Mack K.A.
        • Jones C.M.
        • Ballesteros M.F.
        Illicit drug use, illicit drug use disorders, and drug overdose deaths in metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas - United States.
        MMWR Surveill Summ. 2017; 66: 1-12
        • Daubresse M.
        • Chang H.Y.
        • Yu Y.
        • et al.
        Ambulatory diagnosis and treatment of nonmalignant pain in the United States, 2000-2010.
        Med Care. 2013; 51: 870-878
        • Florence C.S.
        • Zhou C.
        • Luo F.
        • et al.
        The economic burden of prescription opioid overdose, abuse, and dependence in the United States, 2013.
        Med Care. 2016; 54: 901-906
      1. The Council of Economic Advisers. The underestimated cost of the opioid crisis. Report to the President, 2017. Available at: https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/whitehouse.gov/files/images/The%20Underestimated%20Cost%20of%20the%20Opioid%20Crisis.pdf. Accessed June 5, 2018.

        • Binswanger I.A.
        • Stern M.F.
        • Yamashita T.E.
        • et al.
        Clinical risk factors for death after release from prison in Washington state: a nested case-control study.
        Addiction. 2016; 111: 499-510
        • Binswanger I.A.
        • Blatchford P.J.
        • Mueller S.R.
        • et al.
        Mortality after prison release: opioid overdose and other causes of death, risk factors, and time trends from 1999 to 2009.
        Ann Intern Med. 2013; 159: 592-600
        • Michna E.
        • Jamison R.N.
        • Pham L.D.
        • et al.
        Urine toxicology screening among chronic pain patients on opioid therapy: frequency and predictability of abnormal findings.
        Clin J Pain. 2007; 23: 173-179
        • Couto J.E.
        • Romney M.C.
        • Leider H.L.
        • et al.
        High rates of inappropriate drug use in the chronic pain population.
        Popul Health Manag. 2009; 12: 185-190
        • Smith H.S.
        Opioid metabolism.
        Mayo Clin Proc. 2009; 84: 613-624
        • Mortier K.A.
        • Maudens K.E.
        • Lambert W.E.
        • et al.
        Simultaneous, quantitative determination of opiates, amphetamines, cocaine and benzoylecgonine in oral fluid by liquid chromatography quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry.
        J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2002; 779: 321-330
        • Dams R.
        • Murphy C.M.
        • Choo R.E.
        • et al.
        LC-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-MS/MS analysis of multiple illicit drugs, methadone, and their metabolites in oral fluid following protein precipitation.
        Anal Chem. 2003; 75: 798-804
        • Wang W.L.
        • Darwin W.D.
        • Cone E.J.
        Simultaneous assay of cocaine, heroin and metabolites in hair, plasma, saliva and urine by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
        J Chromatogr B Biomed Appl. 1994; 660: 279-290
        • Presley L.
        • Lehrer M.
        • Seiter W.
        • et al.
        High prevalence of 6-acetylmorphine in morphine-positive oral fluid specimens.
        Forensic Sci Int. 2003; 133: 22-25
        • Cone E.J.
        • Clarke J.
        • Tsanaclis L.
        Prevalence and disposition of drugs of abuse and opioid treatment drugs in oral fluid.
        J Anal Toxicol. 2007; 31: 424-433
        • Tennant F.
        Opioid serum concentrations in patients with chronic pain.
        J Palliat Med. 2007; 10: 1253-1255
        • Tennant F.
        Opioid blood levels in high dose, chronic pain patients.
        Pract Pain Manag. 2006; 6: 1-8
        • Cone E.J.
        • Dickerson S.
        • Paul B.D.
        • et al.
        Forensic drug testing for opiates. IV. Analytical sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of commercial urine opiate immunoassays.
        J Anal Toxicol. 1992; 16: 72-78
        • Bertholf R.L.
        • Johannsen L.M.
        • Reisfield G.M.
        Sensitivity of an opiate immunoassay for detecting hydrocodone and hydromorphone in urine from a clinical population: analysis of subthreshold results.
        J Anal Toxicol. 2015; 39: 24-28
        • Fraser A.D.
        • Worth D.
        Experience with a urine opiate screening and confirmation cutoff of 2000 ng/mL.
        J Anal Toxicol. 1999; 23: 549-551
        • Osborne R.
        • Joel S.
        • Grebenik K.
        • et al.
        The pharmacokinetics of morphine and morphine glucuronides in kidney failure.
        Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1993; 54: 158-167
        • French D.
        • Wu A.
        • Lynch K.
        Hydrophilic interaction LC-MS/MS analysis of opioids in urine: significance of glucuronide metabolites.
        Bioanalysis. 2011; 3: 2603-2612
        • Dickerson J.A.
        • Laha T.J.
        • Pagano M.B.
        • et al.
        Improved detection of opioid use in chronic pain patients through monitoring of opioid glucuronides in urine.
        J Anal Toxicol. 2012; 36: 541-547
        • Grabenauer M.
        • Bynum N.D.
        • Moore K.N.
        • et al.
        Detection and quantification of codeine-6-glucuronide, hydromorphone-3-glucuronide, oxymorphone-3-glucuronide, morphine 3-glucuronide and morphine-6-glucuronide in human hair from opioid users by LC-MS-MS.
        J Anal Toxicol. 2018; 42: 115-125
        • Yang H.S.
        • Wu A.H.
        • Lynch K.L.
        Development and validation of a Novel LC-MS/MS opioid confirmation assay: evaluation of beta-glucuronidase enzymes and sample cleanup methods.
        J Anal Toxicol. 2016; 40: 323-329
        • Feng S.
        • ElSohly M.A.
        • Duckworth D.T.
        Hydrolysis of conjugated metabolites of buprenorphine. I. The quantitative enzymatic hydrolysis of buprenorphine-3-beta-D-glucuronide in human urine.
        J Anal Toxicol. 2001; 25: 589-593
        • Elsohly M.A.
        • Gul W.
        • Feng S.
        • et al.
        Hydrolysis of conjugated metabolites of buprenorphine II. The quantitative enzymatic hydrolysis of norbuprenorphine-3-beta-D-glucuronide in human urine.
        J Anal Toxicol. 2005; 29: 570-573
        • Michael W.
        • Dong K.Z.
        Ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography (UHPLC) in method development.
        Trends Anal Chem. 2014; 63: 21-30
        • Klepacki J.
        • Davari B.
        • Boulet M.
        • et al.
        A High-throughput HPLC-MS/MS assay for the detection, quantification and simultaneous structural confirmation of 136 drugs and metabolites in human urine.
        Ther Drug Monit. 2017; 39: 565-574
        • Athar Masood M.
        • Veenstra T.D.
        LC-MS-sMRM method development and validation of different classes of pain panel drugs and analysis of clinical urine samples.
        Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2017; ([Epub ahead of print])
        • Bodor G.S.
        Quantitative, multidrug pain medication testing by liquid chromatography: tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS).
        Methods Mol Biol. 2016; 1383: 223-240
        • Poklis J.L.
        • Wolf C.E.
        • Goldstein A.
        • et al.
        Detection and quantification of tricyclic antidepressants and other psychoactive drugs in urine by HPLC/MS/MS for pain management compliance testing.
        J Clin Lab Anal. 2012; 26: 286-294
        • Mikel C.
        • Almazan P.
        • West R.
        • et al.
        LC-MS/MS extends the range of drug analysis in pain patients.
        Ther Drug Monit. 2009; 31: 746-748
        • Krock K.
        • Pesce A.
        • Ritz D.
        • et al.
        Lower cutoffs for LC-MS/MS urine drug testing indicates better patient compliance.
        Pain Physician. 2017; 20: E1107-E1113
        • Fitzgerald R.L.
        • Griffin T.L.
        • Yun Y.M.
        • et al.
        Dilute and shoot: analysis of drugs of abuse using selected reaction monitoring for quantification and full scan product ion spectra for identification.
        J Anal Toxicol. 2012; 36: 106-111
        • Dowling G.
        • Regan L.
        • Tierney J.
        • et al.
        A hybrid liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry strategy in a forensic laboratory for opioid, cocaine and amphetamine classes in human urine using a hybrid linear ion trap-triple quadrupole mass spectrometer.
        J Chromatogr A. 2010; 1217: 6857-6866
        • Marin S.J.
        • Hughes J.M.
        • Lawlor B.G.
        • et al.
        Rapid screening for 67 drugs and metabolites in serum or plasma by accurate-mass LC-TOF-MS.
        J Anal Toxicol. 2012; 36: 477-486
        • Depriest A.
        • Heltsley R.
        • Black D.L.
        • et al.
        Urine drug testing of chronic pain patients. III. Normetabolites as biomarkers of synthetic opioid use.
        J Anal Toxicol. 2010; 34: 444-449
        • Fox E.J.
        • Twigger S.
        • Allen K.R.
        Criteria for opiate identification using liquid chromatography linked to tandem mass spectrometry: problems in routine practice.
        Ann Clin Biochem. 2009; 46: 50-57
        • Varesio E.
        • Le Blanc J.C.
        • Hopfgartner G.
        Real-time 2D separation by LC x differential ion mobility hyphenated to mass spectrometry.
        Anal Bioanal Chem. 2012; 402: 2555-2564
        • Dams R.
        • Huestis M.A.
        • Lambert W.E.
        • et al.
        Matrix effect in bio-analysis of illicit drugs with LC-MS/MS: influence of ionization type, sample preparation, and biofluid.
        J Am Soc Mass Spectrom. 2003; 14: 1290-1294
        • Chambers E.
        • Wagrowski-Diehl D.M.
        • Lu Z.
        • et al.
        Systematic and comprehensive strategy for reducing matrix effects in LC/MS/MS analyses.
        J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2007; 852: 22-34
        • Furey A.
        • Moriarty M.
        • Bane V.
        • et al.
        Ion suppression; a critical review on causes, evaluation, prevention and applications.
        Talanta. 2013; 115: 104-122
        • Starrels J.L.
        • Fox A.D.
        • Kunins H.V.
        • et al.
        They don't know what they don't know: internal medicine residents' knowledge and confidence in urine drug test interpretation for patients with chronic pain.
        J Gen Intern Med. 2012; 27: 1521-1527
        • Reisfield G.M.
        • Bertholf R.
        • Barkin R.L.
        • et al.
        Urine drug test interpretation: what do physicians know?.
        J Opioid Manag. 2007; 3: 80-86
        • Reisfield G.M.
        • Sloan P.A.
        Physician identification of opioid diversion: a difficult diagnosis.
        J Opioid Manag. 2012; 8: 5-6
        • Reisfield G.M.
        • Webb F.J.
        • Bertholf R.L.
        • et al.
        Family physicians' proficiency in urine drug test interpretation.
        J Opioid Manag. 2007; 3: 333-337
        • Levy S.
        • Harris S.K.
        • Sherritt L.
        • et al.
        Drug testing of adolescents in ambulatory medicine: physician practices and knowledge.
        Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2006; 160: 146-150