Advertisement
Research Article| Volume 1, ISSUE 4, P713-727, December 1981

Vitamin D Assessment: The Assays and Their Applications

      This paper is only available as a PDF. To read, Please Download here.
      The normal metabolism and physiology of vitamin D are discussed, and the methodology and clinical applications of assays, such as high performance liquid chromatography, to detect and measure vitamin D and its metabolites in biologic samples are evaluated.
      To read this article in full you will need to make a payment

      Purchase one-time access:

      Academic & Personal: 24 hour online accessCorporate R&D Professionals: 24 hour online access
      One-time access price info
      • For academic or personal research use, select 'Academic and Personal'
      • For corporate R&D use, select 'Corporate R&D Professionals'

      Subscribers receive full online access to your subscription and archive of back issues up to and including 2002.

      Content published before 2002 is available via pay-per-view purchase only.

      Subscribe:

      Subscribe to Clinics in Laboratory Medicine
      Already a print subscriber? Claim online access
      Already an online subscriber? Sign in
      Institutional Access: Sign in to ScienceDirect

      References

        • Bayard F.
        • Bee P.
        • Louvet J.P.
        Measurement of plasma 25-hydroxycholecalciferol in man.
        Eur. J. Clin. Invest. 1972; 2: 195-198
        • Belsey R.
        • DeLuca H.F.
        • Potts J.T.
        Competitive binding assay for vitamin D and 25-hydroxyvitamin D.
        J. Clin. Endocrinol. 1971; 33: 554-557
        • Belsey R.E.
        • DeLuca H.F.
        • Potts J.T.
        A rapid assay for 25-OH-vitamin D3 without preparative chromatography.
        J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1974; 33: 1051
        • Bjorkhem I.
        • Holmberg I.
        • Kristiansen T.
        • et al.
        Assay of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 by isotope dilution-mass fragmentography.
        Clin. Chem. 1979; 25: 584-588
        • Bouillon R.
        • DeMoor P.
        • Baggiolini E.G.
        • et al.
        A radioimmunoassay for 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol.
        Clin. Chem. 1980; 26: 562-567
        • Bouillon R.
        • van Kerkhove P.
        • DeMoor P.
        Measurement of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in serum.
        Clin. Chem. 1976; 22: 364-368
        • Brumbaugh P.F.
        • Haussier D.H.
        • Bressler R.
        • et al.
        Radioreceptor assay for 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3.
        Science. 1974; 183: 1089-1091
        • Brumbaugh P.F.
        • Haussier D.H.
        • Bursae K.M.
        • et al.
        Filter assay for 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Utilization of the hormone’s target tissue chromatin receptor.
        Biochem. 1974; 13: 4091-4097
        • Caldas A.E.
        • Gray R.W.
        • Lemann J.
        The simultaneous measurement of vitamin D metabolites in plasma: Studies in healthy adults and in patients with calcium nephrolithiasis.
        J. Lab. Clin. Med. 1978; 91: 840-849
        • Chesney R.W.
        • Rosen J.F.
        • Hamstra A.J.
        • et al.
        Absence of seasonal variations in serum concentrations of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D despite a rise in 25-hydroxyvitamin D in summer.
        J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1981; 53: 139-142
        • Clemens T.L.
        • Hendy G.N.
        • Graham R.F.
        • et al.
        A radioimmunoassay for 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol.
        Clin. Sei. Mol. Med. 1978; 54: 329-332
        • Corradino R.A.
        Diphenylhydantoin: Direct inhibition of the vitamin D3-mediated calcium absorptive mechanism in organcultured duodenum.
        Biochem. Pharm. 1976; 25: 863-864
        • Dabek J.T.
        • Harkonen M.
        • Adlercreutz H.
        A sensitive and simplified receptor assay for 1,25-(OH)2 vitamin D.
        Scancl. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 1981; 41: 151-158
        • DeLuca H.F.
        • Blunt J.W.
        Vitamin D.
        Meth. Enzymol. 1971; 18: 709-733
        • Delvin E.E.
        • Dussault M.
        • Glorieux F.H.
        A simplified assay for serum 25-hydroxycalciferol.
        Clin. Biochem. 1980; 13: 106-108
        • Dokoh S.
        • Morita R.
        • Fukunaga M.
        • et al.
        Competitive protein binding assay for 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in human plasma.
        Endocrinol. Japon. 1978; 25: 431-436
        • Dorantes L.M.
        • Arnaud S.
        • Arnaud C.
        • et al.
        Importance of the isolation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D before assay.
        J. Lab. Clin. Med. 1978; 91: 791-796
        • Drezner M.K.
        • Feinglos M.N.
        Osteomalacia due to a 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol deficiency.
        J. Clin. Invest. 1977; 60: 1046-1053
        • Eastwood J.B.
        • deWardener H.E.
        • Gray R.W.
        • et al.
        Normal plasma l,25-(OH)2-vitamin D concentrations in nutritional osteomalacia.
        Lancet. 1979; 1: 1377-1378
        • Edelstein S.
        • Charman M.
        • Lawson D.E.M.
        • et al.
        Competitive protein-binding assay for 25-hydroxycholecalciferol.
        Clin. Sei. Mol. Med. 1974; 46: 231-240
        • Eil C.
        • Liberman U.A.
        • Rosen J.F.
        • et al.
        A cellular defect in hereditary vitamin D-dependent rickets type II: Defective nuclear uptake of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in cultured skin fibroblasts.
        New Engl. J. Med. 1981; 304: 1588-1591
        • Eisman J.A.
        • Hamstra A.J.
        • Kream B.E.
        • et al.
        1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in biological fluids: A simplified and sensitive assay.
        Science. 1976; 193: 1021-1023
        • Eisman J.A.
        • Hamstra A.J.
        • Kream B.E.
        • et al.
        A sensitive, precise, and convenient method for determination of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in human plasma.
        Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 1976; 176: 235-243
        • Eisman J.A.
        • Shepard R.M.
        • DeLuca H.F.
        Determination of 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in human plasma using high-pressure liquid chromatography.
        Anal. Biochem. 1977; 80: 298-305
        • Ellis G.
        • Dixon K.
        Sequential-saturation-type assay for serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D.
        Clin. Chem. 1977; 23: 855-862
        • Gallagher J.C.
        • Riggs B.L.
        • Eisman J.
        • et al.
        Impaired production of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in postmenopausal osteoporosis.
        Clin. Res. 1976; 24: 580A
        • Garcia-Pascual B.
        • Peytremann A.
        • Courvoisier B.
        • et al.
        A simplified competitive protein-binding assay for 25-hydroxycalciferol.
        Clin. Chim. Acta. 1976; 68: 99-105
        • Gertner J.M.
        • Lilburn M.
        • Domeneck M.
        25-hydroxycholecalciferol absorption in steatorrhoea and postgastrectomy osteomalacia.
        Br. Med. J. 1977; 1: 1310-1312
        • Gilbertson T.J.
        • Stryd R.P.
        High-performance liquid chromatographic assay for 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in serum.
        Clin. Chem. 1977; 23: 1700-1704
        • Glorieux F.H.
        • Marie P.J.
        • Pettifor J.M.
        • et al.
        Bone response to phosphate salts, ergocalciferol, and calcitriol in hypophosphatemic vitamin D-resistant rickets.
        New Engl. J. Med. 1980; 303: 1023-1031
        • Gray R.W.
        • Adams N.D.
        • Caldas A.E.
        • et al.
        The effects of dihydrotachysterol therapy on the measurement of plasma l,25-(OH)2-vitamin D in humans.
        J. Lab. Clin. Med. 1979; 93: 1031-1034
        • Gray T.K.
        • McAdoo T.
        • Pool D.
        A modified radioimmunoassay for 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol.
        Clin. Chem. 1981; 27: 458-463
        • Haddad J.G.
        • Chyu K.J.
        Competitive protein-binding radioassay for 25-hydroxycholecalciferol.
        J. Clin. Endocrinol. 1971; 33: 992-995
        • Haddad J.G.
        • Hahn T.J.
        Natural and synthetic sources of circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D in man.
        Nature. 1973; 244: 515-517
        • Haddad J.G.
        • Min C.
        • Walgate J.
        • et al.
        Competition by 24, 25-dihydroxycholecalciferol in the competitive protein binding radioassay of 25-hydroxycalciferol.
        J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1976; 43: 712-715
        • Haddad J.G.
        • Stamp T.C.B.
        Circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D in man.
        Am. J. Med. 1974; 57: 57-62
        • Hahn T.J.
        • Birge S.J.
        • Scharp C.R.
        • et al.
        Phenobarbital-induced alterations in vitamin D metabolism.
        J. Clin. Invest. 1972; 51: 741-748
        • Hahn T.J.
        • Hendin B.A.
        • Scharp C.R.
        • et al.
        Serum 25-hydroxycalciferol levels and bone mass in children on chronic anticonvulsant therapy.
        New Engl. J. Med. 1975; 292: 550-554
        • Hahn T.J.
        • Scharp C.R.
        • Richardson C.A.
        • et al.
        Interaction of diphenylhydantoin (phenytoin) and phenobarbital with hormonal mediation of fet al rat bone resorption in vitro.
        J. Clin. Invest. 1978; 62: 406-414
        • Haussier M.R.
        Radioreceptor assay for 1,25-(OH)2-D: Clinical defects in vitamin D metabolism.
        in: Norman A.W. Vitamin D: Molecular Biology and Clinical Nutrition. Marcel Dekker, New York1980: 603-634
        • Haussier M.R.
        • Baylink D.J.
        • Hughes M.R.
        • et al.
        The assay of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3: Physiologic and pathologic modulation of circulating hormone levels.
        Clin. Endocrinol. 1976; 5: 151S-165S
        • Hill L.F.
        • Taylor C.M.
        • Mawer E.B.
        Bioassay of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol.
        Clin. Sei. Mol. Med. 1974; 47: 14P
        • Holick M.F.
        • Kleiner-Bossaller A.
        • Schnoes H.K.
        • et al.
        1,24,25-trihydroxy vitamin D3: A metabolite of vitamin D3 effective on intestine.
        J. Biol. Chem. 1973; 248: 6691-6696
        • Hughes M.R.
        • Baylink D.J.
        • Jones P.G.
        • et al.
        Radioligand receptor assay for 25-hydroxyvitamin D2/D3 and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D2/D3.
        J. Clin. Invest. 1976; 58: 61-70
        • Jones G.
        Assay of vitamins D2 and D3, and 25-hydroxyvitamins D2 and D3 in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography.
        Clin. Chem. 1978; 24: 287-298
        • Jones G.
        • Schnoes H.G.
        • DeLuca H.F.
        An in vitro study of vitamin D2 hydroxylases in the chick.
        J. Biol. Chem. 1976; 251: 24-28
        • Jongen M.J.M.
        • van der Vijgh W.J.F.
        • Willems H.J.J.
        • et al.
        Analysis for 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in human plasma, after a liquid chromatographic purification procedure, with a modified competitive protein-binding assay.
        Clin. Chem. 1981; 27: 444-450
        • Jubiz W.
        • Haussier M.R.
        • McCain T.A.
        • et al.
        Plasma 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels in patients receiving anticonvulsant drugs.
        J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1977; 44: 617-621
        • Justova V.
        • Starka L.
        • Wilczek H.
        • et al.
        A simple radioassay for 25-hydroxycholecalciferol without chromatography.
        Clin. Chim. Acta. 1976; 70: 97-102
        • Krawitt E.L.
        • Grundman M.J.
        • Mawer E.B.
        Absorption, hydroxy lati on, and excretion of vitamin D3 in primary biliary cirrhosis.
        Lancet. 1977; 2: 1246-1249
        • Lambert P.W.
        • Syverson B.J.
        • Arnaud C.D.
        • et al.
        Isolation and quantitation of endogenous vitamin D and its physiologically important metabolites in human plasma by high pressure liquid chromatography.
        J. Steroid Biochem. 1977; 8: 929-937
        • Lissner D.
        • Mason R.S.
        • Posen S.
        Stability of vitamin D metabolites in human blood serum and plasma.
        Clin. Chem. 1981; 27: 773-774
        • Long R.G.
        • Skinner R.K.
        • Wills M.R.
        • et al.
        Formation of vitamin D metabolites from 3H- and 14C-radiolabelled vitamin D-3 in chronic liver diseases.
        Clin. Chim. Acta. 1978; 85: 311-317
        • Lund B.
        • Lund B.
        • Sorensen O.H.
        Measurement of circulating 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in man. Changes in serum concentrations during treatment with la-hydroxycholecalciferol.
        Acta Endocrinol. 1979; 91: 338-350
        • Mallon J.P.
        • Hamilton J.G.
        • Nauss-Karol C.
        • et al.
        An improved competitive protein binding assay for 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D.
        Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 1980; 201: 277-285
        • Manolagas S.C.
        • Deftos L.J.
        Studies of the internalization of vitamin D3 metabolites by cultured osteogenic sarcoma cells and their application to a non-chromatographic cytoreceptor assay for 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3.
        Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 1980; 95: 596-602
        • Manolagas S.C.
        • Deftos L.J.
        Cytoreceptor assay for 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3: A novel radiometric method based on binding of the hormone to intracellular receptors in vitro.
        Lancet. 1980; 2: 401-402
        • Mason R.S.
        • Lissner D.
        • Grunstein H.S.
        • et al.
        A simplified assay for dihydroxylated vitamin D metabolites in human serum: Application to hyper- and hypovitaminosis D.
        Clin. Chem. 1980; 26: 444-450
        • Mason R.S.
        • Posen S.
        Some problems associated with assay of 25-hydroxycalciferol in human serum.
        Clin. Chem. 1977; 23: 806-810
        • Morris J.F.
        • Peacock M.
        Assay of plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D.
        Clin. Chem. Acta. 1976; 72: 383-391
        • Offermann G.
        • Dittmar F.
        A direct protein-binding assay for 25-hydroxycalciferol.
        Horm. Metab. Res. 1974; 6: 534
        • Papapoulos S.E.
        • Clemens T.L.
        • Fraher L.J.
        • et al.
        Metabolites of vitamin D in human vitamin-D deficiency: Effect of vitamin D3 or 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol.
        Lancet. 1980; 2: 612-615
        • Peacock M.
        • Taylor G.A.
        • Brown W.
        Plasma l,25-(OH)2 vitamin D measured by radioimmunoassay and cytosol radioreceptor assay in normal subjects and patients with primary hyperparathyroidism and renal failure.
        Clin. Chim. Acta. 1980; 101: 93-101
        • Pike J.W.
        • Haussier M.R.
        Characteristics and purification of the intestinal receptor for 1.25-dihydroxyvitamin D.
        Meth. Enzymol. 1980; 67: 508-522
        • Preece M.A.
        • O’Riordan J.L.H.
        • Lawson D.E.M.
        • et al.
        A competitive protein-binding assay for 25-hydiOxycholecalciferol and 25-hydroxyergocalciferol in serum.
        Clin. Chim. Acta. 1974; 54: 235-242
        • Reinhardt T.A.
        • Napoli J.L.
        • Beitz D.C.
        • et al.
        A new in vivo metabolite of vitamin D3: 1,25,26-trihydroxyvitamin D3.
        Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 1981; 99: 302-307
        • Schaefer P.C.
        • Goldsmith R.S.
        Quantitation of 25-hydroxy cholecalciferol in human serum by high-pressure liquid chromatography.
        J. Lab. Clin. Med. 1978; 91: 104-108
        • Schmidt-Gayk H.
        • Grawunder C.
        • Tschope W.
        • et al.
        25-hydroxy-vitamin-D in nephrotic syndrome.
        Lancet. 1977; 2: 105-108
        • Scriver C.R.
        • Reade T.M.
        • DeLuca H.F.
        • et al.
        Serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels in normal subjects and in patients with hereditary rickets or bone disease.
        New Engl. J. Med. 1978; 299: 976-979
        • Shepard R.M.
        • Horst R.L.
        • Hamstra A.J.
        • et al.
        Determination of vitamin D and its metabolites in plasma from normal and anephric man.
        Biochem. J. 1979; 182: 55-69
        • Shimotsuji T.
        • Seino Y.
        • Yabuuchi H.
        A competitive protein binding assay for plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in normal children.
        Tohoku J. Exp. Med. 1976; 118: 233-240
        • Skinner R.K.
        • Wills M.R.
        Semin 25-hydroxyvitamin D assay. Evaluation of chromato graphic and non-chromatographic procedures.
        Clin. Chim. Acta. 1977; 80: 543-554
        • Stern P.H.
        A monolog on analogs: In vitro effects of vitamin D metabolites and consideration of the mineralization question.
        Calcif. Tissue Int. 1981; 33: 1-4
        • Stern P.H.
        • DeOlazabal J.
        • Bell N.H.
        Evidence for abnormal regulation of circulating 1.25-dihydroxyvitamin D in patients with sarcoidosis and normal calcium metabolism.
        J. Clin. Invest. 1980; 66: 852-855
        • Stern P.H.
        • Hamstra A.J.
        • DeLuca H.F.
        • et al.
        A bioassay capable of measuring 1 picogram of 1.25-dihydroxyvitamin D3.
        J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1978; 46: 891-896
        • Stern P.H.
        • Phillips T.E.
        • Mavreas T.
        Bioassay of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in human plasma purified by partition, alkaline extraction, and high-pressure chromatography.
        Anal. Biochem. 1980; 102: 22-30
        • Stewart A.F.
        • Horst R.
        • Deftos L.J.
        • et al.
        Biochemical evaluation of patients with cancer-associated hypercalcemia: Evidence for humoral and nonhumoral groups.
        New Engl. J. Med. 1980; 303: 1377-1383
        • Taylor C.M.
        • Hann J.
        • St. John J.
        • et al.
        1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol in human serum and its relationship with other metabolites of vitamin D-3.
        Clin. Chim. Acta. 1979; 96: 1-8
        • van Baelen H.
        • Bouillon R.
        • De Moor P.
        Vitamin D-binding protein (Gc globulin) binds actin.
        J. Biol. Chem. 1980; 255: 2270-2272
        • Wecksler W.R.
        • Norman A.W.
        An hydroxyapatite batch assay for the quantitation of 1.25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-receptor complexes.
        Anal. Biochem. 1979; 92: 314-323
        • Whitehead M.
        • Lane G.
        • Young O.
        • et al.
        Interrelations of calcium-regulating hormones during normal pregnancy.
        Br. Med. J. 1981; 2: 10-12