Advertisement
Research Article| Volume 1, ISSUE 4, P685-698, December 1981

Riboflavin

  • George E. Nichoalds
    Correspondence
    Corresponding author: Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Tennessee Center for the Health Sciences, 800 Madison Avenue, Memphis, Tennessee 38163
    Affiliations
    Associate Professor, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Tennessee Center for the Health Sciences, Memphis, Tennessee
    Search for articles by this author
      This paper is only available as a PDF. To read, Please Download here.
      Common causes of riboflavin deficiency and individuals in whom ariboflavinosis is more likely to occur are identified. Assays to assess riboflavin status are evaluated and guidelines for the interpretation of results provided.
      To read this article in full you will need to make a payment

      Purchase one-time access:

      Academic & Personal: 24 hour online accessCorporate R&D Professionals: 24 hour online access
      One-time access price info
      • For academic or personal research use, select 'Academic and Personal'
      • For corporate R&D use, select 'Corporate R&D Professionals'

      Subscribers receive full online access to your subscription and archive of back issues up to and including 2002.

      Content published before 2002 is available via pay-per-view purchase only.

      Subscribe:

      Subscribe to Clinics in Laboratory Medicine
      Already a print subscriber? Claim online access
      Already an online subscriber? Sign in
      Institutional Access: Sign in to ScienceDirect

      References

      1. Albright, B. E., and Degner, E. F.: Advances in automated vitamin analyses. In Technicon Symposium on Automation in Analytical Chemistry. New York, 1967, pp. 461–465.

        • Anderson B.B.
        • Saary M.
        • Stephens A.D.
        • et al.
        Effect of riboflavin on red-cell metabolism of vitamin B6.
        Nature. 1976; 264: 574
        • Baker H.
        • Frank O.
        Analysis of riboflavin and its derivatives in biological fluids and tissues.
        in: Rivlin R.S. Riboflavin. Plenum Press, New York1975: 49-79
        • Baker H.
        • Frank O.
        • Ziffer H.
        • et al.
        Effect of hepatic disease on liver B-complex vitamin titers.
        Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1964; 14: 1
        • Baker H.
        • Frank P.
        • Feingold S.
        • et al.
        A riboflavin assay suitable for clinical use and nutritional surveys.
        Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1966; 19: 17
        • Baker H.
        • Thind I.S.
        • Frank O.
        • et al.
        Vitamin levels in low-birth-weight newborn infants and their mothers.
        Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 1977; 129: 521
        • Bamji M.S.
        Glutathione reductase activity in red blood cells and riboflavin nutritional status in humans.
        Clin. Chim. Acta. 1969; 26: 263
        • Bamji M.S.
        Enzymic evaluation of thiamin, riboflavin and pyridoxine status of parturient women and their newborn infants.
        Br. J. Nutr. 1976; 35: 259
        • Bamji M.S.
        • Sharada D.
        • Naidu A.N.
        A comparison of the fluorometric and microbiological assays for estimating riboflavin content of blood and liver.
        Int. J. Vitam. Nutr. Res. 1973; 43: 351
        • Bayoumi R.A.
        • Rosalki S.B.
        Evaluation of the methods of coenzyme activation of erythrocyte enzymes for detection of deficiency of vitamins B15 B2, and B6.
        Clin. Chem. 1976; 22: 327
        • Beisei W.R.
        • Herman Y.F.
        • Sauberlich H.E.
        • et al.
        Experimentally induced sandfly fever and vitamin metabolism in man.
        Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1972; 25: 1165
        • Bessey A.O.
        • Horwitt M.K.
        • Love R.H.
        Dietary deprivation of riboflavin and blood riboflavin levels in man.
        J. Nutr. 1956; 58: 367
        • Bessey O.A.
        • Lowry O.H.
        • Love R.H.
        The fluorometric measurement of the nucleotides of riboflavin and their concentration in tissues.
        J. Biol. Chem. 1949; 180: 775
        • Beutler E.
        Effect of flavin compounds on glutathione reductase activity: in vivo and in vitro studies.
        J. Clin. Invest. 1969; 48: 1957
        • Brewster M.A.
        • Berry D.H.
        • Murphey M.N.
        Automated reaction rate and analysis of erythrocyte glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and gluthathione reductase activites.
        Biochem. Med. 1974; 10: 229
        • Briggs M.
        • Briggs M.
        Oral contraceptives and vitamin nutrition.
        Lancet. 1974; 1: 1234
        • Bro-Rasmussen F.
        The riboflavin requirement of animals and man and associated metabolic relations. Part I: Technique of estimating requirement, and modifying circumstances. Part II: Relation of requirement to the metabolism of protein and energy.
        Nutr. Abst. Rev. 1958; 28: 1-369
        • Burch H.B.
        • Bessey O.A.
        • Lowry O.H.
        Fluorometric measurements of riboflavin and its natural derivatives in small quantities of blood serum and cells.
        J. Biol. Chem. 1948; 175: 457
        • Burch H.B.
        • Lowry O.H.
        • Padilla A.M.
        • et al.
        Effects of riboflavin deficiency and realimentation of flavin enzymes of tissues.
        J. Biol. Chem. 1956; 223: 29
        • Buzard J.A.
        • Kopko F.
        The flavin requirement and some inhibition characteristics of rat tissue glutathione reductase.
        J. Biol. Chem. 1963; 238: 464
        • Buzina R.
        • Jusic A.
        • Broderec A.
        • et al.
        The assessment of dietary vitamin intake of 24 Istrian farmers: II. Comparison between the dietary intake and biochemical status of ascorbic acid, vitamin A, thiamine, riboflavin and niacin.
        Int. J. Vitam. Nutr. Res. 1971; 41: 289
        • Chappelle E.W.
        • Picciolo G.L.
        Assay of flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and the flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) using the bacterial luciferase reaction.
        in: McCormick D.B. Wright L.D. Methods of Enzymology, Vol. 18: Vitamins and Coenzymes, Part B. Academic Press, New York1971: 381-385
      2. Christakis, G.: Nutritional assessment in health programs. Am. J. Public Health, 63 November suppl. 1973.

        • Clarke H.C.
        A photodecomposition fluorimetric method for the determination of riboflavin in whole blood.
        Int. J. Vitam. Nutr. Res. 1969; 39: 182
        • Clarke H.C.
        The relationship between whole blood riboflavine levels and results of riboflavine saturation tests in normal and pathological conditions in man.
        Inti. J. Vit. Nutr. Res. 1969; 39: 238
        • Clarke H.C.
        Distribution of riboflavin in blood: In women and in prenates.
        Inti. J. Vit. Nutr. Res. 1977; 47: 361
        • Clegg K.M.
        • Kodicek E.
        • Mistry S.P.
        A modified medium for Lactobacillus casei for the assay of B vitamins.
        Biochem. J. 1952; 50: 326
        • Cole H.S.
        • Lopez R.
        • Cooperman J.M.
        Riboflavin deficiency in children with diabetes mellitus.
        Acta Diabetol. Lat. 1976; 13: 25
        • Committee on Maternal Nutrition
        Maternal Nutrition and the Course of Pregnancy. Food and Nutrition Board, National Research Council.
        National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C.1970
        • Coon W.W.
        Riboflavin metabolism in surgical patients.
        Surg. Gynecol. Obstet. 1965; 120: 1289
        • Cooperman J.M.
        • Cole H.S.
        • Gordon M.
        • et al.
        Erythrocyte glutathione reductase as a measure of riboflavin nutritional status of pregnant women and newborns.
        Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. Med. 1973; 143: 326
        • Fazekas A.G.
        • Kokai K.
        Extraction, purification, and separation of tissue flavins for spectrophotometric determination.
        in: McCormick D.B. Wright L.D. Methods in Enzymology, Vol. 18; Vitamins and Coenzymes, Part B. Academic Press, New York1971: 385-398
        • Fazekas A.G.
        • Sandor T.
        Studies on the biosynthesis of flavin nucleotides from 2-14C-riboflavin by rat liver and kidney.
        Can. J. Biochem. 1973; 51: 772
        • Feigin R.D.
        Interaction of nutrition and infection: Plans for future research.
        Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1977; 30: 1553
        • Flatz G.
        Enhanced binding of FAD to glutathione reductase in G6PD deficiency.
        Nature. 1970; 226: 755
        • Flatz G.
        Studies of enzymes connected with erythrocyte glutathione metabolism in rural tropical population.
        Humangenetik. 1971; 11: 221
        • Flatz G.
        Population study of erythrocyte glutathione reductase activity. I. Stimulation of die enzyme by flavin adenine dinucleotide and by riboflavin supplementation.
        Humangenetik. 1971; 11: 269
        • Flatz G.
        Population study of erythrocyte glutathione reductase activity. II. Hematological data of subjects with low enzyme activity and stimulation characteristics in their families.
        Humangenetik. 1971; 11: 278
        • Frischer H.
        • Bowman J.E.
        • Carson P.E.
        • et al.
        Erythrocytic glutathione reductase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and 6-phosphogluconic dehydrogenase deficiencies in populations of the United States, South Vietnam, Iran and Ethiopia.
        J. Lab. Clin. Med. 1973; 81: 603
        • Fujita A.
        • Matsuura K.
        Determination of free and esterified riboflavin by the lumiflavin method.
        J. Biochem. 1950; 37: 445
        • Garry P.J.
        • Owen G.M.
        An automated FAD-dependent glutathione reductase assay for assessing riboflavin nutriture.
        Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1976; 29: 663
        • Glatzle D.
        • Korner W.F.
        • Christeller S.
        • et al.
        Method for the detection of a biochemical riboflavin deficiency stimulation of NADPH2-dependent glutathione reductase from human erythrocytes by FAC in vitro. Investigations on the vitamin B2 status in healthy people and geriatric patients.
        Int. J. Vitam. Nutr. Res. 1970; 40: 166
        • Glatzle D.
        • Vuilleumier J.P.
        • Weber F.
        • et al.
        Glutathione reductase test with whole blood, a convenient procedure for the assessment of the riboflavin status in humans.
        Experientia. 1974; 30: 665
        • Glatzle D.
        • Weber F.
        • Wiss O.
        Enzymatic test for the detection of a riboflavin deficiency. NADPH-dependent glutathione reductase of red blood cells and its activation by FAD in vitro.
        Experientia. 1968; 24: 1122
        • Goldsmith G.A.
        Vitamin B complex, thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, folic acid (folacin), vitamin B12, biotin.
        Prog. Food Nutr. Sci. 1975; 1: 559
        • Gorus F.
        • Schram E.
        Applications of bio- and chemiluminescence in the clinical laboratory.
        Clin. Chem. 1979; 25: 512
      3. Greene, H. L.: Vitamins. In American Medical Association: Symposium on Total Parenteral Nutrition. Nashville, 1972, pp. 78–91.

        • Gromisch D.S.
        • Lopez R.
        • Cole H.S.
        • et al.
        Light (phototherapy)-induced riboflavin deficiency in the neonate.
        J. Pediatr. 1977; 90: 118
        • Hegsted D.M.
        • Gershoff S.N.
        • Tmlson M.F.
        • et al.
        Variation in riboflavin excretion.
        J. Nutr. 1956; 60: 581
        • Hines C.
        Vitamins, absorption and malabsorption.
        Arch. Intern. Med. 1978; 138: 619
        • Hornbeck C.L.
        • Bradley D.W.
        Concentrations of FAD and glutathione as they affect values for erythrocyte glutathione reductase.
        Clin. Chem. 1974; 20: 512
        • Horvath C.
        • Szonyi L.
        • Mold K.
        Preventive effects of riboflavin and ATP on the teratogenic effects of the phenothiazine derivative T-82.
        Teratology. 1976; 14: 167
        • Horwitt M.K.
        Nutritional requirements of man with special reference to riboflavin.
        Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1966; 18: 458
        • Horwitt M.K.
        • Hills O.W.
        • Harvey C.C.
        • et al.
        Effects of dietary depletion of riboflavin.
        J. Nutr. 1949; 39: 357
        • Icen A.
        Glutathione reductase of human erythrocytes: Purification and properties.
        Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 1967; 20: 1
      4. Jelliffe, D. B.: The assessment of the nutritional status of the community. In World Health Organization: Monograph No. 58. Geneva, 1966.

        • Jusko W.J.
        • Levy G.
        Absorption, metabolism and excretion of riboflavin-5-phosphate in man.
        J. Pharm. Sci. 1967; 56: 58
        • Jusko W.J.
        • Levy G.
        • Yaffe S.J.
        • et al.
        Riboflavin absorption in children with biliary obstruction.
        Am. J. Dis. Child. 1971; 121: 48
        • Kaminetzkv H.A.
        • Langer A.
        • Baker H.
        • et al.
        The effect of nutrition in teen-age gravidas on pregnancy and the status of the neonate. I. A nutritional profile.
        Am. J. Ohstet. Gynecol. 1973; 115: 639
        • Kaminetzky H.A.
        • Baker H.
        • Frank O.
        • et al.
        The effects of intravenously administered water-soluble vitamins during labor in normovitaminemic and hypovitaminemic gravidas on maternal and neonatal blood vitamin levels at delivery.
        Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 1974; 120: 697
        • Kaufmann N.A.
        • Guggenheim K.
        The validity of biochemical assessment of thiamine, riboflavin and folacin nutriture.
        Int. J. Vitam. Nutr. Res. 1977; 47: 40
        • Komindr S.
        • Nichoalds G.E.
        Clinical significance of riboflavin deficiency.
        in: Brewster M.A. Naito H.K. Nutritional Elements in Clinical Biochemistry. Plenum Press, New York1980: 15-68
        • Kornberg H.A.
        • Langdon R.S.
        • Cheldelin V.H.
        Microbiological assay for riboflavin.
        Anal. Chem. 1948; 20: 81
        • Koziol J.
        Fluorometric analyses of riboflavin and its coenzymes.
        in: McCormick D.B. Wright L.D. Methods in Enzymology, Vol. 18; Vitamins and Coenzymes, Part B. Academic Press, New York1971: 253-285
        • Lai C.S.
        • Ransome G.A.
        Burning feet syndrome case due to malabsorption and responding to riboflavin.
        Br. Med. J. 1970; 2: 151
        • Langer Jr., B.W.
        • Charoensiri S.
        Growth response of Lactobacillus casei (ATCC 7469) to riboflavin, FMN and FAD.
        Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. Med. 1966; 122: 151
        • Leevy C.M.
        • Baker H.
        • TenHove W.
        • et al.
        B-Complex vitamins in liver disease of the alcoholic.
        Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1965; 16: 339
        • Leevy C.M.
        • Cardi L.
        • Frank O.
        • et al.
        Incidence and significance of hypovitaminemia in a randomly selected municipal hospital population.
        Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1965; 17: 259
        • Leevy C.M.
        • Thompson A.
        • Baker H.
        Vitamins and liver injury.
        Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1970; 23: 493
        • Lossy F.T.
        • Goldsmith G.A.
        • Sarett H.P.
        A study of test dose excretion of five B-complex vitamins in man.
        J. Nutr. 1951; 45: 213
        • Lowry O.H.
        Biochemical evidence of nutritional status.
        Physiol. Rev. 1952; 32: 431
        • McCormick D.B.
        Specificity of flavin adenine dinucleotide pyrophosphorylase for flavin phosphates and nucleoside triphosphates.
        Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1964; 14: 493
      5. McCormick, D. B.: Metabolism of riboflavin. In Rivlin, R. S. (ed): Riboflavin. New York, Plenum Press, pp. 153–198.

        • Meighan E.A.
        • MacKenzie R.E.
        Flavin specificity of enzyme-substrate intermediates in the bacterial luminescence reaction. Structural requirements of flavin side-chain.
        Biochem. 1973; 12: 1482
        • Melior N.P.
        • Maass A.R.
        An automated fluorometric method for the determination of riboflavin in human urine.
        in: Technicon International Congress on Advances in Automated Analysis. June, New York1972: 64 (abstract)
      6. Merrill, A. H.: Personal communications, 1980.

        • Merrill A.H.
        • Addison R.
        • McCormick D.B.
        Induction of hepatic and intestinal flavokinase after oral administration of riboflavin to riboflavin-deficient rats.
        Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. Med. 1978; 158: 572
        • Mezey E.
        Liver diseases and nutrition.
        Gastroenterology. 1978; 74: 770
        • Mitchell G.W.
        • Hastings J.W.
        The effect of flavin isomers and analogues upon the color of bacterial bioluminescence.
        J. Biol. Chem. 1969; 244: 2572
        • Morrison A.B.
        • Campbell J.A.
        Vitamin absorption studies. I. Factors influencing the excretion of oral test doses of thiamine and riboflavin by human subjects.
        J. Nutr. 1960; 72: 435
        • Morrison A.B.
        • Perusse C.B.
        • Campbell J.A.
        Physiologic availability and in vitro release of riboflavin in sustained release vitamin preparations.
        N. Engl. J. Med. 1960; 263: 115
        • Müller E.M.
        • Bates C.J.
        The effect of riboflavin deficiency on white cell glutathione reductase in rats.
        Int. J. Vitam. Nutr. Res. 1977; 47: 46
        • Newman L.J.
        • Lopez R.
        • Cole H.S.
        • et al.
        Riboflavin deficiency in women taking oral contraceptive agents.
        Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1978; 31: 247
        • Nichoalds G.E.
        • Lawrence J.D.
        • Sauberlich H.E.
        Assessment of status of riboflavin nutriture by assay of glutathione reductase activity.
        Clin. Chem. 1974; 20: 624
        • O’Neal R.M.
        • Johnson O.C.
        • Schaefer A.E.
        Guidelines for classification and interpretation of group blood and urine data collected as part of the National Nutrition Survey.
        Pediatr. Res. 1970; 4: 103
        • Pearson W.M.
        Biochemical appraisal of nutritional status in man.
        Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1962; 11: 462
        • Pearson W.N.
        Blood and urinary vitamin levels as potential indices of body stores.
        Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1967; 20: 514
        • Pearson W.N.
        Riboflavin.
        in: Gyorgy P. Pearson W.N. The Vitamins. Edition 2. Vol. 7. Academic Press, New York1967: 99-136
        • Pinto J.
        • Huang Y.P.
        • Rivlin R.S.
        Physiological significance of inhibition of riboflavin metabolism by therapeutic doses of chlorpromazine.
        Clin. Res. 1979; 27 (abstract): 444A
        • Plough I.C.
        • Consolazio F.C.
        The use of casual urine specimens in the evaluation of the excretion rates of thiamine, riboflavin and N’-methylnicotinamide.
        J. Nutr. 1959; 69: 365
        • Pollack H.
        • Bookman J.J.
        Riboflavin excretion as a function of protein metabolism in the normal, catabolic and diabetic human being.
        J. Lab. Clin. Med. 1951; 38: 561
        • Prager M.D.
        • Hill J.M.
        • Speer R.J.
        • et al.
        Whole blood riboflavin levels in healthy individuals and in patients manifesting various blood dyscrasias.
        J. Lab. Clin. Med. 1958; 52: 206
        • Ramussen K.M.
        • Barsa P.M.
        • McCormick D.B.
        Pyridoxamine (pyridoxine) 5’-phosphate oxidase activity in rat tissues during development of riboflavin or pyridoxine deficiency.
        Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. Med. 1979; J61: 527
      7. Riboflavin and thiamine binding proteins: Their physiological significance and hormonal specificity. Nutr. Rev., 37:261, 1979

        • Rivlin R.S.
        Regulation of flavoprotein enzymes in hypothyroidism and in riboflavin deficiency.
        Adv. Enzyme Regul. 1970; 8: 239
        • Rivlin R.S.
        Riboflavin metabolism.
        N. Engl. J. Med. 1970; 283: 463
        • Rivlin R.S.
        Riboflavin and cancer.
        in: Rivlin R.S. Riboflavin. Plenum Press, New York1975: 369-391
        • Rivlin R.S.
        Hormonal regulation of riboflavin metabolism.
        in: Rivlin R.S. Riboflavin. Plenum Press, New York1975: 393-426
        • Rivlin R.S.
        Hormones, drugs and riboflavin.
        Nutr. Rev. 1979; 37: 241
        • Rivlin R.S.
        • Menendez C.
        • Langdon R.G.
        Biochemical similarities between hypothyroidism and riboflavin deficiency.
        Endocrinology. 1968; 83: 461
        • Rosenberg I.H.
        • Solomons N.W.
        • Schneider R.E.
        Malabsorption associated with diarrhea and intestinal infections.
        Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1977; 30: 1248
        • Rosenthal W.S.
        • Adhurn N.F.
        • Lopez R.
        • et al.
        Riboflavin deficiency in complicated chronic alcoholism.
        Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1973; 26: 858
        • Rubaltelli F.F.
        • Allegri G.
        • Costa C.
        • et al.
        Urinary excretion of tryptophan metabolites during phototherapy.
        J. Pediatr. 1974; 85: 865
        • Sauberlich H.E.
        • Dowdy R.
        • Skala J.H.
        Riboflavin.
        in: Laboratory Tests for the Assessment of Nutritional Status. CRC Press, Cleveland1974: 30-37
        • Sauberlich H.E.
        • Judd J.H.
        • Nichoalds G.E.
        • et al.
        Application of the erythrocyte glutathione reductase assay in evaluating riboflavin nutritional status in a high school student population.
        Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1972; 25: 756
        • Schorah C.J.
        • Messenger D.
        Flavin nucleotides, glutathione reductase and assessment of riboflavin status.
        Inti. J. Vit. Nutr. Res. 1975; 45: 39
        • Schrier S.L.
        • Kellermeyer R.W.
        • Carson P.E.
        • et al.
        The hemolytic effect of primaquine. IX. Enzymatic abnormalities in primaquine-sensitive erythrocytes.
        J. Lab. Clin. Med. 1958; 52: 109
        • Scott E.M.
        • Duncan I.W.
        • Ekstrond V.
        Purification and properties of glutathione reductase of human erythrocytes.
        J. Biol. Chem. 1963; 238: 3928
        • Sebrell W.H.
        • Butler R.E.
        Riboflavin deficiency in man.
        Public Health Rep. 1938; 53: 2282
        • Singer T.P.
        • Salach J.
        • Hemmerich P.
        • et al.
        Flavin peptides.
        in: McCormick D.B. Wright D.B. Methods in Enzymology, Vol. 18; Vitamins and Coenzymes, Part B. Academic Press, New York1971: 416-427
        • Slater E.C.
        • Morrell D.B.
        The fluorometric determination of riboflavin in urine.
        Biochem. J. 1946; 40: 652
        • Sleisenger M.H.
        • Brandborg L.L.
        Malabsorption.
        in: Smith L.H. Major Problems in Internal Medicine. Vol. 13. W. B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia1977: 5-10
        • Snell E.E.
        • Strong F.M.
        Microbiological assay for riboflavin.
        Ind. Eng. Chem (Anal. Ed.). 1939; 11: 346
        • Staal G.E.J.
        • Veeger C.
        The reaction mechanism of glutathione reductase from human erythrocytes.
        Biochem. Biophys. Acta. 1969; 185: 49
        • Staal G.E.J.
        • Visser J.
        • Veeger C.
        Purification and properties of glutathione reductase of human erythrocytes.
        Biochem. Biophys. Acta. 1969; 185: 39
        • Stanley P.E.
        Determination of submicromole levels of NADH and FMN using bacterial luciferase and the liquid scintillation spectrophotometer.
        Anal. Biochem. 1971; 39: 441
        • Steier M.
        • Lopez R.
        • Cooperman J.M.
        Riboflavin deficiency in infants and children with heart disease.
        Am. Heart. J. 1976; 92: 139
        • Sterner R.T.
        • Price W.R.
        Restricted riboflavin: Within-subject behavioral effects in human.
        Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1973; 26: 150
        • Strehler B.L.
        • Cormier M.J.
        Kinetic aspects of die bacterial luciferin-lciferase reaction in vitro.
        Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 1954; 53: 138
        • Strong F.M.
        • Carpenter L.E.
        Preparation of samples for microbiological determination of riboflavin.
        Ind. Eng. Chem. (Anal. Ed.). 1942; 14: 909
        • Suvarnakich K.
        • Mann B.V.
        • Stare F.J.
        Riboflavin in human seram.
        J. Nutr. 1952; 47: 105
        • Tatt L.K.
        • Tan I.K.
        • Seet A.M.
        A new colorimetric method for the determination of NADH/NADPH dependent glutathione reductase in erythrocytes and in plasma.
        Clin. Chim. Acta. 1975; 58: 101
        • Tautt J.
        Changes in the levels of certain vitamins from B group under conditions of vitamin deficiency.
        Acta Physiol. Pol. 1976; 27: 1
        • Thurnham D.I.
        Influence of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency on the glutathione reductase test for ariboflavinosis.
        Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 1972; 66: 505
        • Thurnham D.I.
        • Migasena P.
        • Pavapootanon N.
        The ultramicro red-cell glutathione reductase assay for riboflavin status: Its use in field studies in Thailand.
        Mikro. Chim. Acta (Wien). 1970; 5: 988
        • Thurnham D.I.
        • Migasena P.
        • Vudhivia N.
        • et al.
        Riboflavin supplementation in a resettlement village in north-east Thailand.
        Br. J. Nutr. 1972; 28: 91
        • Tillotson M.S.
        • Baker E.M.
        An enzymatic measurement of die riboflavin status in man.
        Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1972; 25: 425
        • Tucker R.G.
        • Mickelsen O.
        • Keys A.
        The influence of sleep, work, diuresis, heat, acute starvation, thiamine intake and bed rest on human riboflavin excretion.
        J. Nutr. 1960; 72: 251
        • Weber F.
        • Glatzle E.
        • Wiss O.
        Symposium on recent advances in the assessment of vitamin status in the man. The assessment of riboflavin status.
        Proc. Nutr. Soc. 1973; 32: 237
        • Whitehead T.P.
        • Kricka L.J.
        • Carter T.J.N.
        • et al.
        Analytical luminescence: Its potential in the clinical laboratory.
        Clin. Chem. 1979; 25: 1531
        • Yagi K.
        Micro-determination of riboflavin, flavin mononucleotide and flavin adenine denucleotide by filter paper chromatography.
        J. Biochem. 1951; 38: 161
        • Yagi K.
        Chemical determination of flavins.
        Methods Biochem. Anal. 1962; 10: 319
        • Yagi K.
        • Okuda J.
        Phosphorylation of riboflavin by transferase action.
        Nature. 1958; 181: 1663
        • Yang C.S.
        • Charalampoo A.
        • McCormick D.B.
        Microbiological and enzymatic assays of riboflavin analogues.
        J. Nutr. 1964; 84: 167
        • Yang C.S.
        • McCormick D.B.
        Degradation and excretion of riboflavin in the rat.
        J. Nutr. 1967; 93: 445
        • Yawata Y.
        • Tanaka K.R.
        Effect of metabolic stress on activation of glutathione reductase by FAD in human red cells.
        Experientia. 1971; 27: 1214