Advertisement
Research Article| Volume 2, ISSUE 1, P137-154, March 1982

Download started.

Ok

Recent Advances in Blood Groups

  • Marion Lewis
    Correspondence
    Corresponding author: Rh Laboratory, Health Sciences Center, 735 Notre Dame Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 0L8
    Affiliations
    Director, Rh Laboratory, Health Sciences Centre; Associate Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
    Search for articles by this author
      This paper is only available as a PDF. To read, Please Download here.
      Gene mapping methods pertinent to the chromosomal assignment and localization of blood group loci are presented along with the current state of blood group mapping. Recent advances in the expansion of established blood group systems and the evidence signalling new systems are also reviewed. Finally, the direction and rewards of biochemical investigations of blood group antigens are indicated briefly.
      To read this article in full you will need to make a payment

      Purchase one-time access:

      Academic & Personal: 24 hour online accessCorporate R&D Professionals: 24 hour online access
      One-time access price info
      • For academic or personal research use, select 'Academic and Personal'
      • For corporate R&D use, select 'Corporate R&D Professionals'

      Subscribers receive full online access to your subscription and archive of back issues up to and including 2002.

      Content published before 2002 is available via pay-per-view purchase only.

      Subscribe:

      Subscribe to Clinics in Laboratory Medicine
      Already a print subscriber? Claim online access
      Already an online subscriber? Sign in
      Institutional Access: Sign in to ScienceDirect

      References

        • Anstee D.
        Blood Group MNSs — active sialoglycoproteins of the human erythrocyte membrane.
        in: Immunology of the Erythrocytes. Alan R. Liss, Inc., New York1980: 67
        • Baldwin M.L.
        • Barrasso C.
        • Gavin J.
        The first example of a Raddon-like antibody as a cause of a transfusion reaction.
        Transfusion. 1981; 21: 86
        • Battista N.
        • Stout T.D.
        • Lewis M.
        • et al.
        A new rare blood group antigen — “Mit.” Probable genetic relationship with the MNSs blood group system.
        Vox Sang. 1980; 39: 331
        • Barrasso C.
        • Eska P.
        • Grindon A.J.
        • et al.
        Anti-K18: An antibody defining another high-frequency antigen related to the Kell blood group system.
        Vox Sang. 1975; 29: 124
        • Beattie K.M.
        Perspectives on some usual and unusual ABO phenotypes.
        in: A Seminar on Antigens on Blood Cells and Body Fluids. American Association of Blood Banks, Washington, D.C.1980: 97
        • Beattie K.M.
        • Castillo S.
        A case report of a hemolytic transfusion reaction caused by anti-Holley.
        Transfusion. 1975; 15: 476
        • Bias W.B.
        • Light-Orr J.K.
        • Krevans J.R.
        • et al.
        The Stoltzfus blood group, a new polymorphism in man.
        Am. J. Hum. Genet. 1969; 21: 552
        • Bias W.B.
        • Meyers D.A.
        Segregation and linkage analysis of the Stoltzfus blood group (SF).
        in: Human Gene Mapping 5, Edinburgh Conference (1979). Birth Defects: Original Article Series. Vol. 15. The National Foundation, New York1979 (also in Cytogenet. Cell Genet., 25:137, 1979)
      1. Bias, W. B., and Meyers, D. A.: Further data on the linkage between MNS and Stoltzfus blood group systems. In Human Gene Mapping 6, Oslo Conference (1981). Birth Defects: Original Article Series. Vol. 16. New York, The National Foundation, in press.

        • Bootsma D.
        • McAlpine P.J.
        Report of the Committee on the Genetic Constitution of Chromosomes 2,3,4, and 5.
        in: Human Gene Mapping 5, Edinburgh Conference (1979). Birth Defects: Original Article Series. Vol. 15. The National Foundation, New York1979 (also in Cytogenet. Cell Genet., 25:21, 1979)
        • Brown P.
        • Wood M.
        • Beck M.L.
        • et al.
        Anti-Wj: An auto-antibody that defines a public antigen suppressed by the In(Lu) gene.
        Transfusion. 1981; 21 (abstract): 632
        • Buchanan D.I.
        • Makelki D.
        • Marsh S.
        • et al.
        Genetic independence of the Lutheran and Diego blood group loci.
        Transfusion. 1977; 17: 277
        • Chandanayingyong D.
        • Pejrachandra S.
        • Poole J.
        Three antibodies of the MNSs system and their association with the Miltenberger complex of antigens.
        I. Anek serum. Vox Sang. 1977; 32: 272
        • Chan-Shu S.A.
        The second example of anti-Duffy5.
        Transfusion. 1980; 20: 358
        • Chaves M.A.
        • Poole J.
        • Giles C.M.
        • et al.
        Skjelbred, a low frequency antigen in serum and on red cells.
        Vox Sang. 1980; 39: 28
        • Chown B.
        • Lewis M.
        • Kaita H.
        An anomaly of inheritance in the MNSs groups.
        Am. J. Hum. Genet. 1965; 17: 9
        • Conneally P.M.
        • Dumont-Driscoll M.
        • Huntzinger R.S.
        • et al.
        Linkage relations of the loci for Kell and phenylthiocarbamide taste sensitivity.
        Hum. Hered. 1976; 26: 267
        • Contreras M.
        • Armitage S.
        • Daniels G.L.
        • et al.
        Homozygous.
        D. Vox Sang. 1979; 36: 81
        • Contreras M.
        • Lubenko A.
        • Armitage S.
        • et al.
        Frequency and inheritance of the Bxa (Box) antigen.
        Vox Sang. 1980; 39: 225
        • Contreras M.
        • Stebbing B.
        • Armitage S.E.
        • et al.
        Further data on the Pta antigen.
        Vox Sang. 1978; 35: 181
        • Contreras M.
        • Stebbing B.
        • Blessing M.
        • et al.
        The Rh antigen Evans.
        Vox Sang. 1978; 34: 208
        • Contreras M.
        • Stebbing B.
        • Mallory D.M.
        • et al.
        The Redelberger antigen Rba.
        Vox Sang. 1978; 35: 397
        • Cook P.J.
        The Lutheran-Secretor recombination fraction in man: A possible sex difference.
        Ann. Hum. Genet. 1965; 28: 393
      2. Cook, P. J. L., and Hamerton, J. L.: Report of the committee on the genetic constitution of chromosome 1. In Human Gene Mapping 6, Oslo Conference (1981). Birth Defects: Original Article Series. Vol. 16. New York, The National Foundation, in press.

        • Cook P.J.L.
        • Robson E.B.
        • Buckton K.E.
        • et al.
        Segregation of ABO, AK1 and ACONs in families with abnormalities of chromosome 9.
        Ann. Hum. Genet. 1978; 41: 365
        • Crawford M.N.
        • Gottman F.E.
        • Rogers L.
        Capillary tube testing and enhancement with 30% albumin.
        Vox Sang. 1976; 30: 144
        • Crawford M.N.
        • Pollack M.S.
        Confirmation of Bg-HLA relationships by antiglobulin microcytotoxicity testing.
        Transfusion. 1978; 18: 731
        • Crawford M.N.
        • Schroeder M.L.
        Bga and Bgb correlations with HLA antigens by capillary tube technique.
        Transfusion. 1980; 20: 594
        • Cregut R.
        • Liberge G.
        • Yvart J.
        • et al.
        A new rare blood group antigen “Far,” probably linked to the MNSs system.
        Vox Sang. 1974; 26: 194
        • de la Chapelle A.
        • Vuopio P.
        • Sanger R.
        • et al.
        Monosomy-7 and the Colton blood-groups.
        Lancet. 1975; 2: 817
        • DiNapoli J.
        • Garcia A.
        • Marsh W.L.
        • et al.
        A second example of anti-Fy5.
        Vox Sang. 1976; 30: 308
        • Donahue R.P.
        • Bias W.B.
        • Renwick J.H.
        • et al.
        Probable assignment of the Duffy blood group locus to chromosome 1 in man.
        Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1968; 61: 949
      3. Eiberg, H., Mohr, J., and Staub Nielsen, L.: Linkage relationship between the locus for C3 and 47 polymorphic systems: Confirmation of C3-LE linkage (abstract). Proc. Int. Congr. Hum. Genet., Jerusalem, Israel, 1981, p. 147.

        • Estevez de Pablo C.
        • Garcia Sagredo J.M.
        • Ferro M.T.
        • et al.
        Interstitial deletion in the long arms of chromosome 1: 46, XY, del (1) (pterq22:q25—>qter).
        J. Med. Genet. 1980; 17: 483
        • Falk C.T.
        • Martin M.D.
        • Walker M.E.
        • et al.
        Family data suggesting a linkage between MN and Gc.
        in: Human Gene Mapping 5. Edinburgh Conference (1979). Birth Defects: Original Article Series. Vol. 15. The National Foundation, New York1979 (also in Cytogenet. Cell Genet., 25:152, 1979)
      4. Falk, C., Rubinstein, P., Roche, A., et al.: Lod scores for linkage analysis of 28 genetic markers: A survey report on 600 families. In Human Gene Mapping 6, Oslo Conference (1981). Birth Defects: Original Article Series. Vol. 16. New York, The National Foundation, in press.

      5. Ferguson-Smith, M. A., Sanger, R., Tippett, P., et al.: A familial X/Y translocation which assigns the Xg blood group locus to the region Xp24—»pter. In Human Gene Mapping 6, Oslo Conference (1981). Birth Defects: Original Article Series. Vol. 16. New York, The National Foundation, in press.

        • Frist S.
        • Wenz B.
        Eluate analysis of anti-Bga associated renal allograft rejection.
        Transfusion. 1976; 16: 261
        • Garelli S.
        • Valbonesi M.
        • Picerno G.
        • et al.
        Research on the eventual cross-reactivity of anti-Wra with various viral bacterial and mytotic antigens.
        Quad. Sclavo. Diagn. 1978; 14: 311
        • Gavin J.
        • Daniels G.L.
        • Yamaguchi H.
        • et al.
        The red cell antigen once called Levay is the antigen Kpc of the Kell system.
        Vox Sang. 1979; 36: 31
        • Gedde-Dahl T.
        • Grimstad A.L.
        • Gundersen S.
        • et al.
        A probáble crossing-over or mutation in the MNSs blood group system.
        Acta Genet. 1967; 17: 193
        • German J.
        • Metaxas M.N.
        • Metaxas-Buhler M.
        • et al.
        Further evaluation of a child with the Mk phenotype and a translocation affecting the long arms of chromosomes 2 and 4.
        in: Human Gene Mapping 5, Edinburgh Conference (1979). Birth Defects: Original Article Series. Vol. 15. The National Foundation, New York1979 (also in Cytogenet. Cell Genet., 25:160, 1979)
        • Gibson T.
        Two kindred with the rare dominant inhibitor of the Lutheran and P! red cell antigens.
        Hum. Hered. 1976; 26: 171
        • Giles C.M.
        The indentity of Kamhuber and Far antigens.
        Vox Sang. 1977; 32: 269
        • Giles C.M.
        • Chandanayingyong D.
        • Webb A.J.
        Three antibodies of the MNSs system and their association with the Miltenberger complex of antigens. III. Anek, Raddon and Lane antisera in relation to each other and the Miltenberger complex.
        Vox Sang. 1977; 32: 277
        • Giles C.M.
        • Gedde-Dahl Jr., T.
        • Robson E.B.
        • et al.
        Rga (Rodgers) and the HLA region: Linkage and associations.
        Tissue Antigens. 1976; 8: 143
      6. Giles, C. M.: Serological activity of low frequency antigens of the MNSs system and reappraisal of the Mittenberger complex. Vox Sang., in press.

        • Habibi B.
        • Andre J.
        • Fouillade M.T.
        • et al.
        An unusual Rh phenotype indicating heterogeneity of the Cw antigen.
        Vox Sang. 1976; 31: 103
        • Habibi B.
        • Fouillade M.T.
        • Duedari N.
        • et al.
        The antigen Duclos. A new high frequency red cell antigen related to Rh and U.
        Vox Sang. 1978; 34: 302
      7. Harris, P. A., de la Vaga, M. S., Miller, W. V., et al.: Mild hemolytic disease of the newborn associated with anti-Fra. Vox Sang., in press.

        • Herron R.
        • Greenwell P.
        • Westwood M.V.
        • et al.
        An H-deficient blood with normal H transferase levels.
        Vox Sang. 1980; 39: 186
        • Hsu T.C.S.
        • Jagathambal K.
        • Sabo B.H.
        • et al.
        Anti-Holley (Hy): Characterization of another example.
        Transfusion. 1975; 15: 604
      8. Human Gene Mapping 6, Oslo Conference (1981). Birth Defects: Original Article Series. New York, The National Foundation, in press.

        • Hummel K.
        • Badet J.
        • Bauermeister W.
        • et al.
        Inheritance of cis-AB in three generations (family Lam).
        Vox Sang. 1977; 33: 290
        • Humphreys J.
        • Stout T.D.
        • Kaita H.
        • et al.
        A family in which the Targett antigen (Rh:40) is carried with R° (-D-).
        Vox Sang. 1980; 39: 277
      9. ISCN (1978). (An international system for human cytogenetic nomenclature, 1978.) Birth Defects: Original Article Series, Vol. 14. New York, The National Foundation, 1978; also in Cytogenet. Cell Genet., 21:309, 1978

        • Issitt P.D.
        Serology and Genetics of the Rhesus Blood Group System.
        Montgomery Scientific Publications, Cincinnati1979
        • Issitt P.D.
        The MN Blood Group System.
        Montgomery Scientific Publications, Cincinnati1981
        • James J.
        • Stiles P.
        • Boyce F.
        • et al.
        The HLA type of Rg(a-) individuals.
        Vox Sang. 1976; 30: 214
        • Judd W.J.
        • Marsh W.L.
        • 0yen R.
        • et al.
        Anti-Lul4: A Lutheran antibody defining the product of an allele at the Lu8 blood group locus.
        Vox Sang. 1977; 32: 214
        • Judd W.J.
        • Walter W.J.
        • Steiner E.A.
        Clinical and laboratory findings on two patients with naturally occurring anti-Kell agglutinins.
        Transfusion. 1981; 21: 184
      10. Kaita, H., and Lewis, M.: Unpublished observations.

        • Kaita H.
        • Lewis M.
        • McAlpine P.J.
        Exclusion of the red blood cell antigen Fr3 from the Colton blood group system.
        Transfusion. 1980; 20: 217
        • Kanel G.C.
        • Davis I.
        • Bowman J.E.
        “Naturally-occurring” anti-Kl: Possible association with Mycobacterium infection.
        Transfusion. 1978; 18: 472
        • Keats B.J.B.
        • Morton N.E.
        • Rao D.C.
        Likely linkage: Inv with Jk.
        Hum. Genet. 1977; 39: 157
        • Keats B.J.B.
        • Morton N.E.
        • Rao D.C.
        Possible linkages (lod score over 1.5) and a tentative map of the Jk-Km linkage group.
        in: Human Gene Mapping 4, Winnipeg Conference (1977). Birth Defects: Original Article Series. Vol. 14. The National Foundation, New York1978 (also in Cytogenet. Cell Genet., 22:304, 1978)
        • Kendall A.G.
        Clinical importance of the rare erythrocyte antibody anti-Jra.
        Transfusion. 1976; 16: 646
        • Kornstad L.
        A rare blood group antigen, Rla (Rosenlund).
        Immunol. Commun. 1980; 9: 217
        • Kornstad L.
        • Howell P.
        • Jorgensen J.
        • et al.
        The rare blood group antigen.
        Wu. Vox Sang. 1976; 31: 337
        • Kuriyan M.A.
        • 0yen R.E.
        • Marsh W.L.
        Demonstration of Diego (Dib) and Scianna (Scl) antigens on phagocytic leukocytes of the blood.
        Transfusion. 1978; 18: 361
        • Leonard G.L.
        • Ellisor S.S.
        • Reid M.E.
        • et al.
        An unusual Rh immunization.
        Vox Sang. 1976; 31: 275
      11. Levene, C.: Personal communication.

        • Lewis M.
        • Kaita H.
        Genetic linkage between the Radin and Rh blood group loci.
        Vox Sang. 1979; 37: 286
        • Lewis M.
        • Kaita H.
        A “new” low incidence “Hutterite” blood group antigen Waldner (Wda).
        Am. J. Hum. Genet. 1981; 33: 418
        • Lewis M.
        • Kaita H.
        • Allderdice P.W.
        • et al.
        Assignment of the red cell antigen, Targett (Rh:40) to the Rh blood group system.
        Am. J. Hum. Genet. 1979; 31: 630
        • Lewis M.
        • Kaita H.
        • Chown B.
        Genetic linkage between the human blood group loci Rh and Sc.
        Am. J. Hum. Genet. 1976; 28: 619
        • Lewis M.
        • Kaita H.
        • Chown B.
        • et al.
        Relative positions of chromosome 1 loci Fy, PGM1 Sc, UMPK, Rh, PGD, and ENO1 in man.
        Can. J. Genet. Cytol. 1977; 19: 695
        • Lewis M.
        • Kaita H.
        • Chown B.
        • et al.
        The Lutheran and Secretor loci: Genetic linkage analysis.
        Am. J. Hum. Genet. 1977; 29: 101
        • Lewis M.
        • Kaita H.
        • Chown B.
        • et al.
        The Diego blood groups: A genetic linkage analysis.
        Am. J. Hum. Genet. 1976; 28: 18
        • Lewis M.
        • Kaita H.
        • Giblett E.R.
        • et al.
        Genetic linkage analysis of the Dombrock (Do) blood group locus.
        in: Human Gene Mapping 4, Winnipeg Conference (1977). Birth Defects: Original Article Series. Vol. 14. The National Foundation, New York1978 (also in Cytogenet. Cell Genet., 22:313, 1978)
        • Lewis M.
        • Kaita H.
        • Giblett E.R.
        • et al.
        Data on chromosome 1 loci Fy, PGM1 Sc, UMPK, Rh, PGD, and ENO1. Two-point lods, R:NR counts, multipoint information and map.
        in: Human Gene Mapping 4, Winnipeg Conference (1977). Birth Defects: Original Article Series. Vol 14. The National Foundation, New York1978 (also in Cytogenet. Cell Genet., 22:392, 1978)
        • Lewis M.
        • Kaita H.
        • McAlpine P.J.
        • et al.
        A “new” blood group antigen Fra: Incidence, inheritance, and genetic linkage analysis.
        Vox Sang. 1978; 35: 251
        • Lewis M.
        • Kaita H.
        • Philipps S.
        • et al.
        The position of the Radin blood group locus in relation to other chromosome 1 loci.
        Ann. Hum. Genet. 1980; 44: 179
        • Longster G.
        • Giles C.M.
        A new antibody specificity, anti-Rga, reacting with a red cell and serum antigen.
        Vox Sang. 1976; 30: 175
      12. Malcolm, S., Barton, P., Bentley, D. L., et al.: Assignment of a γκ locus for immunoglobulin light chains to the short arm of chromosome 2 (2 cen → pl3) by in situ hybridization using a cRNA probe of Hκ101λCh4A. In Human Gene Mapping 6, Oslo Conference (1981). Birth Defects: Original Article Series. Vol. 16. New York, The National Foundation, in press.

        • Mann J.D.
        • Cahan A.
        • Gelb A.G.
        • et al.
        A sex-linked blood group.
        Lancet. 1962; 1: 8
        • Marsh W.L.
        • Chaganti R.S.K.
        • Gardner F.H.
        • et al.
        Mapping human autosomes: Evidence supporting assignment of Rhesus to the short arm of chromosome No. 1.
        Science. 1974; 183: 966
        • Marsh W.L.
        • Nichols M.E.
        • 0yen R.
        • et al.
        Naturally occurring anti-Kell stimulated by E. coli enterocolitis in a 20-day-old child.
        Transfusion. 1978; 18: 149
        • Marsh W.L.
        • 0yen R.
        Demonstration of the Gerbich antigenic determinant on neutrophil leukocytes.
        Vox Sang. 1975; 29: 69
        • Marsh W.L.
        • 0yen R.
        • Nichols M.E.
        Kx antigen, the McLeod phenotype and chronic granulomatous disease: Further studies.
        Vox Sang. 1976; 31: 356
        • Marsh W.L.
        • 0yen R.
        • Rosso M.
        • et al.
        A second example of anti-Lul4.
        Transfusion. 1976; 16: 633
        • Marsh W.L.
        • Shepherd S.
        • 0yen R.
        Second and third examples of the McLeod red cell phenotype in non-CGD subjects.
        Transfusion. 1976; 16 (abstract): 528
      13. Marsh, W. L.: Personal communications.

      14. McBride, O. W., Swan, D., Leder, P., et al.: Chromosomal location of human immunoglobulin light chain constant region genes. In Human Gene Mapping 6, Oslo Conference (1981). Birth Defects: Original Article Series. Vol. 16. New York, The National Foundation, in press.

        • McGinnis M.H.
        • MacLowry J.D.
        • Holland P.V.
        Acquisition of Kell-like antigen by Kell-negative red cells.
        Transfusion. 1978; 18 (abstract): 624
        • McPherson G.M.
        • Wells R.F.
        • Hefleigh E.B.
        • et al.
        A new low incidence red blood cell antigen.
        Pe. Vox Sang. 1979; 36: 252
        • Meera Khan P.
        • Robson E.B.
        Report of the Committee on the Genetic Constitution of Chromosome 9.
        in: Human Gene Mapping 4, Winnipeg Conference (1977). Birth Defects: Original Article Series. Vol. 14. The National Foundation, New York1978 (also in Cytogenet. Cell Genet., 22:106, 1978)
        • Middleton J.
        • Crookston M.C.
        Chido substance in plasma.
        Vox Sang. 1972; 23: 256
        • Middleton J.
        • Crookston M.C.
        • Falk J.A.
        • et al.
        Linkage of Chido and HL-A.
        Tissue Antigens. 1974; 4: 366
        • Mikkelsen M.
        • Jacobsen P.
        • Henningsen K.
        Possible localization of Gc system on chromosome 4: Loss of long arm 4 material associated with father-child incompatibility within the Gc-system.
        Hum. Hered. 1977; 27: 105
      15. Mohandas, T., Sparkes, R. S., and Shapiro, L. J.: Localization of Steroid Sulfatase(STS) to the distal end of the short arm of the human X-chromosome using somatic cell hybrids. In Human Gene Mapping 6, Oslo Conference (1981). Birth Defects: Original Article Series. Vol. 16. New York, The National Foundation, in press.

        • Mohr J.
        A Study of Linkage in Man.
        Munksgaard, Copenhagen1954
        • Mohr J.
        • Eiberg H.
        Colton blood groups: Indication of linkage with the Kidd (Jk) system as support for assignment to chromosome 7.
        Clin. Genet. 1977; 11: 372
        • Molthan L.
        Anti-York (Yka) and other HTLA antibodies (Csa, McCa, Kna) revisited.
        Transfusion. 1978; 18 (abstract): 622
        • Molthan L.
        • Giles C.M.
        A new antigen Yka (York), and its relationship to Csa (Cost).
        Vox Sang. 1975; 29: 145
        • Molthan L.
        • Moulds J.
        Anew antigen McCa(McCoy), and its relationship to Kna (Knops).
        Transfusion. 1978; 18: 566
        • Moore H.C.
        • Issitt P.D.
        • Pavone B.G.
        Successful transfusion of Dhido-positive blood in two patients with anti-Chido.
        Transfusion. 1975; 15: 266
        • Morel P.A.
        • Hamilton H.B.
        Oka an erythrocyte antigen of high frequency.
        Vox Sang. 1979; 36: 182
        • Morel P.
        • Myers M.
        • Marsh W.L.
        • et al.
        The third example of anti-Joa: Inheritance of the Joa red cell antigen.
        Transfusion. 1976; 16 (Abstract): 531
        • Moulds J.J.
        • Polesky H.F.
        • Reid M.
        • et al.
        Observations on the Gy3 and Hy antigens and the antibodies that define them.
        Transfusion. 1975; 15: 270
      16. Moulds, M.: Personal communication.

        • Myhre B.
        • Thompson M.
        • Anson C.
        • et al.
        A further example of the recessive (Lu(a-b-) phenotype.
        Vox Sang. 1975; 29: 66
        • Naiki M.
        • Marcus D.M.
        Human erythrocyte P and Pk blood group antigens.
        Biochem. Biophys. Res. Common. 1974; 60: 105
        • Nakajima H.
        • Ito K.
        An example of anti-Jra causing hemolytic disease of the newborn and frequency of Jra antigen in the Japanese population.
        Vox Sang. 1978; 35: 265
      17. Neiswanger, K., Spence, M. A., Field, L. L., et al.: PTC linkage studies. In Human Gene Mapping 6, Oslo Conference (1981). Birth Defects: Original Article Series. Vol. 16. New York, The National Foundation, in press.

        • Nordhagen R.
        Association between HLA and red cell antigens. III. Studies of haemagglutin-ins in cytotoxic anti-HLA7 and anti-HLA5 related sera.
        Vox Sang. 1975; 29: 23
        • Nordhagen R.
        Association between HLA and red cell antigens. IV. Further studies of haem-agglutinins in cytotoxic HLA antisera.
        Vox Sang. 1977; 32: 82
        • Nordhagen R.
        Association between HLA and red cell antigens. V. A further study of the nature and behaviour of the HLA antigens on red blood cells and their corresponding haemmagglutinins.
        Vox Sang. 1978; 35: 49
        • Nordhagen R.
        Association between HLA and red cell antigens. VI. Family studies.
        Vox Sang. 1978; 35: 58
        • Nordhagen R.
        Association between HLA and red cell antigens. VIII. Haemagglutinins in another series of cytotoxic anti-HLA-A2 sera.
        Vox Sang. 1978; 35: 375
        • Nordhagen R.
        • Aas M.
        Association between HLA and red cell antigens. VII. Survival studies of incompatible red blood cells in a patient with HLA-associated haemagglutinins.
        Vox Sang. 1978; 35: 319
        • Nordhagen R.
        • Aas M.
        Survival Studies of 51CrCh(a+) red blood cells in a patient with anti-Cha, and massive transfusion of incompatible blood.
        Vox Sang. 1979; 37: 179
        • Olaisen B.
        • Gedde-Dahl T.
        • Tippett P.
        • et al.
        General linkage relations of GC in subtyped family material: Probable linkage between GC and DO and a MNSs-GC-DO linkage group on chromosome 4.
        in: Human Gene Mapping 5, Edinburgh Conference (1979). Birth Defects: Original Article Series. Vol. 15. The National Foundation, New York1979 (also in Cytogenet. Cell Genet., 25:194, 1979)
        • O’Neill G.J.
        • Yang S.Y.
        • Tegoli J.
        • et al.
        Chido and Rodgers blood groups are distinct antigenic components of human complement C4.
        Nature. 1978; 273: 668
        • Orrick L.R.
        • Golde S.H.
        Jra-mediated hemolytic disease of the newborn infant.
        Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 1980; 137: 135
        • Pacuszka T.
        • Koscielak J.
        • Seyfried H.
        • et al.
        Biochemical, serological and family studies in individuals with cis AB phenotypes.
        Vox Sang. 1975; 29: 292
        • Plapp F.V.
        • Kowalski M.M.
        • Tilzer L.
        • et al.
        Partial purification of the Rh0(D) antigen from Rh positive and negative erythrocytes.
        Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., U.S.A. 1979; 76: 2964
        • Race R.R.
        • Sanger R.
        Blood Groups in Man.
        Edition 6. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford1975: 431
        • Race R.R.
        • Sanger R.
        Blood Groups in Man.
        Edition 6. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford1975: 476
        • Race R.R.
        • Sanger R.
        Blood Groups in Man.
        Edition 6. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford1975: 585
        • Rapley S.E.
        • Robson E.B.
        • Harris H.
        • et al.
        Data on the incidence, segregation, and linkage relations of the adenylate kinase (AK) polymorphism.
        Ann. Hum. Genet. 1968; 31: 237
        • Renwick J.H.
        The Rhesus syntenic group in man.
        Nature (Lond.). 1971; 234: 475
        • Riches R.A.
        • Laycock C.M.
        A new low frequency antigen Lia (Livesay).
        Vox Sang. 1980; 38: 305
        • Robson E.B.
        • Cook P.J.L.
        • Buckton K.E.
        Family studies with the chromosome 9 markers ABO, AK1, ACONs, and 9qh.
        Ann. Hum. Genet. 1977; 41: 53
        • Ruddle F.
        • Ricciuti F.
        • McMorris F.A.
        • et al.
        Somatic cell genetic assignment of peptidase C and the Rh linkage group to chromosome A-l in man.
        Science. 1972; 176: 1429
        • Sabo B.H.
        • Bush M.
        • German J.
        • et al.
        The cis AB phenotype in three generations of one family. Serological, enzymatic and cytogenetic studies.
        J. Immunogenet. 1978; 5: 87
        • Sabo B.
        • McCreary J.
        • Stroup M.
        • et al.
        Another Kell-related antibody, anti-K19.
        Vox Sang. 1979; 36: 97
        • Sabo B.
        • McCreary J.
        • White W.
        • et al.
        Serological findings in a male of McLeod phenotype sensitized by transfusion.
        Transfusion. 1978; 18 (abstract): 624
        • Sachs H.W.
        • Reuter W.
        • Tippett P.
        • et al.
        An Rh gene complex producing Cw andc antigen.
        Vox Sang. 1978; 35: 272
        • Schinzel A.
        • Schmid W.
        Interstitial deletion of the long arm of chromosome 1, del (1) (q21—>q25) in a profoundly retarded 8-year-old girl with multiple anomalies.
        Clin. Genet. 1980; 18: 305
        • Shore G.M.
        • Steane E.A.
        Survival of incompatible red cells in a patient with anti-Csa and three other patients with antibodies to high-frequency red cell antigens.
        Transfusion. 1978; 18 (abstract): 387
        • Sistonen P.
        • Nevanlinna R.H.
        • VirtaRanta-Knowles K.
        • et al.
        Nea, a new blood group antigen in Finland.
        Vox Sang. 1981; 40: 352
        • Speiser P.
        • Kuhbock J.
        • Mickerts D.
        • et al.
        “Kamhuber” a new human blood group antigen of familial occurrence, revealed by a severe transfusion reaction.
        Vox Sang. 1966; 11: 113
        • Steane S.M.
        Basic membrane biochemistry and its relationship to blood group serology.
        in: A Seminar on Antigens on Blood Cells and Body Fluids. American Association of Blood Banks, Washington, D.C.1980: 1
        • Strohm P.L.
        • Steventon D.M.
        • Kahan J.
        • et al.
        Successful transfusion of a patient with anti-Rga with Rga-positive blood.
        Transfusion. 1979; 19 (abstract): 640
        • Stroup M.
        • McCreary J.
        Cra another high frequency blood group factor.
        Transfusion. 1975; 15 (abstract): 522
        • Svoboda R.K.
        • Van West B.
        • Grumet F.C.
        Anti-Rh41, a new Rh antibody found in association with an abnormal expression of chromosome 1 genetic markers.
        Transfusion. 1981; 21: 150
        • Swanson J.L.
        • Eckman J.R.
        Co(a-b+w) phenotype in a patient with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria: Association with unusual Colton phenotypes in other family members.
        Transfusion. 1978; 18 (abstract): 376
        • Taliano V.
        • Guevin R.M.
        • Hebert D.
        • et al.
        The rare phenotype En(a-) in a French-Canadian Family.
        Vox Sang. 1980; 38: 87
        • Tilley C.A.
        • Crookston M.C.
        • Haddad S.A.
        • et al.
        Red cell survival studies in patients with anti-Cha, anti-Yka, anti-Ge and anti-Vel.
        Transfusion. 1977; 17: 169
        • Tilley C.A.
        • Romans D.G.
        • Crookston M.C.
        Localization of Chido and Rodgers determinants to the C4d fragment of human C4.
        Nature. 1978; 276: 713
        • Vedo M.
        • Reid M.
        Anti-Jra in a Mexican American.
        Transfusion. 1978; 18: 569
        • Vengelen-Tyler V.
        • Anstee D.J.
        • Issitt P.D.
        • et al.
        Studies on the blood of an Miv homozygote.
        Transfusion. 1981; 21: 1
        • Victoria E.J.
        • Mahan L.C.
        • Masouredis S.P.
        Anti-Rh0 (D) IgG binds to band 3 glycoprotein of the human erythrocyte membrane.
        Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1981; 78: 2898
        • Wallace M.E.
        • Bonyson C.
        • De Jongh D.S.
        • et al.
        Anti-K14: An antibody specificity associated with the Kell blood group system.
        Vox Sang. 1976; 30: 300
        • Watkins W.M.
        Biochemistry and genetics of the ABO, Lewis, and P blood group systems.
        in: Advances in Human Genetics. Vol. 10. Plenum Press, New York1980: 1 (379)
        • Webb A.J.
        • Giles G.M.
        Three antibodies of the MNSs system and their association with the Miltenberger complex of antigens. H. Raddon and Lane sera.
        Vox Sang. 1977; 32: 274
        • Weitkamp L.
        • Francke U.
        Report of the committee on the genetic constitution of chromosome 6.
        in: Human Gene Mapping 4, Winnipeg Conference (1977). Birth Devects: Original Article Series. Vol. 14. The National Foundation, New York1978 (also in Cytogenet. Cell Genet., 22:92, 1978)
        • Weitkamp L.R.
        • Guttormsen S.A.
        • Greendyke R.M.
        Genetic linkage between a locus for 6-PGD and the Rh locus: Evaluation of possible heterogeneity in the recombination fraction between sexes and among families.
        Am. J. Human. Genet. 1971; 23: 462
        • Wells R.F.
        • Korn G.
        • Halleigh B.
        • et al.
        Characterization of three new apparently related high frequency antigens.
        Transfusion. 1976; 16: 427
      18. Whitehead, A. S., Solomon, E., Chambers, S. P., et al.: Assignment of the gene for the third component of human complement (C3) to chromosome 19 using human/mouse somatic cell hybrids. In Human Gene Mapping 6, Oslo Conference (1981). Birth Defects: Original Article Series. Vol. 16. New York, The National Foundation, in press.

        • Wiener W.
        Blood Groups in Man.
        Edition 5. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford1968: 403 (cited in Race, R. R., and Sanger, R.)
        • Wrobel D.M.
        • Gavin J.
        Blood Groups in Man.
        Edition 5. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford1968: 574 (cited in Race, R. R., and Sanger, R.)
        • Yamaguchi H.
        • Okubo Y.
        • Seno T.
        • et al.
        A “new” allele, Kpe, at the Kell complex locus.
        Vox Sang. 1979; 36: 29
        • Young S.
        Vga: A new low incidence red cell antigen.
        Vox Sang. 1981; 41: 18
        • Young S.
        • Malian M.
        • Case J.
        • et al.
        Further examples of the Wulfsberg antigen.
        Vox Sang. 1980; 38: 213