Advertisement
Research Article| Volume 5, ISSUE 1, P121-135, March 1985

Genital Infections

  • Luis M. de la Maza
    Correspondence
    Corresponding author: Department of Pathology, University of California at Irvine Medical Center, 101 City Drive South, Orange, California 92668
    Affiliations
    Associate Professor, Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, University of California at Irvine Medical Center, Orange, California
    Search for articles by this author
  • Ellena M. Peterson
    Affiliations
    Assistant Adjunct Professor, Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, University of California at Irvine Medical Center, Orange, California
    Search for articles by this author
DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-2712(18)30886-2
Genital Infections
Previous ArticleEmerging Patterns of Microbial Resistance
Next ArticleRapid Viral Diagnosis
      This paper is only available as a PDF. To read, Please Download here.
      Genital herpes infections, among the most prevalent and rapidly spreading of the genital infections, are highlighted in this discussion. Chlamydial infections are also covered since these parasites were, until recently, considered to be viruses. The clinical presentation of a chlamydial infection may mimic the presentation of a viral infection, and diagnosis requires specimen collection and processing procedures that are similar to those required for a virus.
      To read this article in full you will need to make a payment

      Purchase one-time access:

      Academic & Personal: 24 hour online accessCorporate R&D Professionals: 24 hour online access
      One-time access price info
      • For academic or personal research use, select 'Academic and Personal'
      • For corporate R&D use, select 'Corporate R&D Professionals'

      Subscribers receive full online access to your subscription and archive of back issues up to and including 2002.

      Content published before 2002 is available via pay-per-view purchase only.

      Subscribe:

      Subscribe to Clinics in Laboratory Medicine
      Already a print subscriber? Claim online access
      Already an online subscriber? Sign in
      Register: Create an account
      Institutional Access: Sign in to ScienceDirect

      References

        • Abrams A.J.
        Lymphogranuloma venereum.
        J.A.M.A. 1968; 205: 199-202
        • Adam E.
        • Dreesman G.R.
        • Kaufman R.H.
        • et al.
        Asymptomatic virus shedding after herpes genitalis.
        Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 1980; 137: 827-830
        • Adam E.
        • Kaufman R.H.
        • Mirkovic R.R.
        • et al.
        Persistence of virus shedding in asymptomatic women after recovery from herpes genitalis.
        Obstet. Gynecol. 1979; 54: 171-173
        • Alexander E.R.
        • Chandler J.
        • Pheifer T.A.
        • et al.
        Prospective study of perinatal Chlamydia trachomatis infection.
        in: Holmes K.K. Hobson D. Nongonococcal Urethritis and Related Infections. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.1977: 148-152
        • Alexander E.R.
        • Wang S.-P.
        • Grayston J.T.
        Further classification of TRIC agents from ocular trachoma and other sources by the mouse toxicity prevention test.
        Am. J. Ophthalmol. 1967; 63: 1469-1478
        • Allen W.P.
        • Rapp F.
        Concept review of genital herpes vaccines.
        T. Infect. Dis. 1982; 145: 413-421
        • Baringer J.R.
        Recovery of herpes simplex virus from human sacral ganglions.
        N. Engl. J. Med. 1974; 291: 828-830
        • Beem M.O.
        • Saxon E.M.
        Respiratory tract colonization and a distinctive pneumonia syndrome in infants infected with Chlamydia trachomatis.
        N. Engl. J. Med. 1977; 293: 306-310
        • Beem M.O.
        • Saxon E.M.
        Chlamydia trachomatis infections in infants.
        in: Mardh P.-A. Holmes K.K. Oriel J.D. Chlamydial Infections. Elsevier Biomedical, New York1982: 199-212
        • Bolognese R.J.
        • Carson S.L.
        • Fuccillo D.A.
        • et al.
        Herpes virus hominis type 2 infections in asymptomatic women.
        Obstet. Gynecol. 1976; 48: 507-510
        • Bowie W.R.
        Treatment of chlamydial infections.
        in: Mårdh P.-A. Holmes K.K. Oriel J.D. Chlamydial Infections. Elsevier Biomedical, New York1982: 231-244
        • Bowie W.R.
        • Wang S.-P.
        • Alexander E.R.
        • et al.
        Etiology of nongonococcal urethritis: Evidence for Chlamydia trachomatis and Ureaplasma urealyticum.
        J. Clin. Invest. 1977; 59: 735-742
        • Brown S.T.
        • Weinberger J.
        Molluscum contagiosum: Sexually transmitted disease in 17 cases.
        J. Am. Vener. Dis. Assoc. 1974; 1: 35-36
        • Centifanto Y.M.
        • Drylie D.M.
        • Deardourff S.L.
        • et al.
        Herpesvirus type 2 in the male genitourinary tract.
        Science. 1972; 178: 318-319
        • Darougar S.
        • Jones B.R.
        • Kinnison J.R.
        • et al.
        Chlamydial infection: Advances in the diagnostic isolation of Chlamydia, including TRIC agent, from the eye, genital tract, and rectum.
        Br. J. Vener. Dis. 1972; 48: 416-420
        • Dawson C.R.
        Review of eye infections with Chlamydia trachomatis.
        in: Mårdh P.-A. Holmes K.K. Oriel J.D. Chlamydial Infections. Elsevier Biomedical, New York1982: 71-81
        • Dawson C.R.
        • Schachter J.
        TRIC agent infections of the eye and genital tract.
        Am. J. Ophthalmol. 1967; 63: 1288-1298
        • Dawson C.R.
        • Schachter J.
        • Ostler H.B.
        • et al.
        Inclusion conjunctivitis and Reiter’s syndrome in a married couple.
        Arch. Ophthalmol. 1970; 83: 300-306
        • Deardourff S.L.
        • Deture F.A.
        • Drylie D.M.
        • et al.
        Association between herpeshominis type 2 and the male genitourinary tract.
        J. Urol. 1974; 112: 126-127
        • De Clercq E.
        Selective antiherpes drugs.
        in: de la Maza L.M. Peterson E.M. Medical Virology II. Elsevier Biomedical, New York1983
        • de la Maza L.M.
        • Peterson E.M.
        Scanning electron microscopy of McCoy cells infected with Chlamydia trachomatis.
        Exp. Mol. Pathol. 1982; 36: 217-226
        • Dourmashkin R.
        • Bernhard W.
        A study with the electron microscope of the skin tumor of molluscum contagiosum.
        J. Ultrastruct. Res. 1959; 3: 11-38
        • Duenas A.
        • Adam E.
        • Melnick J.L.
        • et al.
        Herpesvirus type 2 in a prostitute population.
        Am. J. Epidemiol. 1972; 95: 483-489
        • Durfee P.T.
        • Pullen M.M.
        • Currier R.W.
        • et al.
        Human psittacosis associated with commercial processing of turkeys.
        J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 1975; 167: 804-808
        • Eschenbach D.A.
        • Buchanan T.M.
        • Pollock H.M.
        • et al.
        Polymicrobial etiology of acute pelvic inflammatory disease.
        N. Engl. J. Med. 1975; 293: 166-171
        • Gerloff R.K.
        • Ritter D.B.
        • Watson R.O.
        Studies on thermal denaturation of DNA from various chlamydiae.
        J. Infect. Dis. 1970; 121: 65-69
        • Gordon F.B.
        • Andrew V.W.
        • Wagner J.C.
        Development of resistance to penicillin and to Chlortetracycline in psittacosis virus.
        Virology. 1957; 4: 156-171
        • Gordon F.B.
        • Harper I.A.
        • Quan A.L.
        • et al.
        Detection of Chlamydia (Bedsonia) in certain infections of man. I. Laboratory procedures: Comparison of yolk sac and cell culture for detection and isolation.
        J. Infect. Dis. 1969; 120: 451-462
        • Gordon F.B.
        • Quan A.L.
        Isolation of the trachoma agent in cell culture.
        Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 1965; 118: 354-359
        • Guinan M.E.
        • MacCalman f.
        • Kern E.R.
        • et al.
        The course of untreated recurrent genital herpes simplex infection in 27 women.
        N. Engl. J. Med. 1981; 304: 759-763
        • Holmes K.K.
        • Handsfield H.H.
        • Wang S.-P.
        • et al.
        Etiology of nongonococcal urethritis.
        N. Engl. I. Med. 1975; 292: 1199-1206
        • Hutfield D.C.
        History of herpes genitalis.
        Br. J. Vener. Dis. 1966; 42: 263
        • Hutfield D.C.
        Herpes genitalis.
        Br. I. Vener. Dis. 1968; 44: 241
        • Josey W.E.
        • Nahmias A.J.
        • Naib Z.M.
        The epidemiology of type 2 (genital) herpes simplex virus infection.
        Obstet. Gynecol. Surv. 1972; 27: 295-302
        • Kaplan A.S.
        The Herpesviruses.
        Academic Press, New York1973
        • Kingsbury D.T.
        Estimate of the genome size of various microorganisms.
        J. Bacteriol. 1969; 98: 1400-1401
        • Leinikki P.
        • Salo O.P.
        Genital herpes: Virological diagnosis and antibody response.
        Acta Derm. Venereol. (Stockh.). 1973; 53: 65
        • Mårdh P.-A.
        • Ripa T.
        • Colleen S.
        • et al.
        Role of Chlamydia trachomatis in non-acute prostatitis.
        Br. J. Vener. Dis. 1978; 54: 330-334
        • Mårdh P.-A.
        • Ripa T.
        • Svensson L.
        • et al.
        Chlamydia trachomatis infection in patients with acute salpingitis.
        N. Engl. J. Med. 1977; 296: 1377-1379
        • Martin D.H.
        • Koutsky L.
        • Eschenback D.A.
        • et al.
        Prematurity and perinatal mortality in pregnancies complicated by maternal Chlamydia trachomatis infections.
        I.A.M.A. 1982; 247: 1585-1588
        • Montgomery J.R.
        • Flanders R.W.
        • Yow M.D.
        Congenital anomalies and herpesvirus infection.
        Am. J. Dis. Child. 1973; 126: 364-366
        • Moulder J.W.
        The relation of the psittacosis group (chlamydiae) to bacteria and viruses.
        Ann. Rev. Microbiol. 1966; 20: 107-130
        • Munday P.E.
        • Pritchard G.
        • Harris J.R.W.
        • et al.
        Prevalence of chlamydial infection in promiscuous women.
        Br. J. Vener. Dis. 1983; 59: 105-108
        • Nahmias A.J.
        • Josey W.E.
        • Naib Z.M.
        Neonatal herpes simplex infection.
        I.A.M.A. 1967; 199: 132
        • Nahmias A.J.
        • Naib Z.M.
        • Josey W.E.
        • et al.
        Genital herpes simplex infection: Virologie and cytologic studies.
        Obstet. Gynecol. 1967; 29: 395-400
        • Nahmias A.J.
        • Dowdle W.R.
        • Naib Z.M.
        • et al.
        Genital infection with type 2 herpesvirus hominis. A commonly occurring venerai disease.
        Br. J. Vener. Dis. 1969; 45: 294
        • Nahmias A.J.
        • Alford C.
        • Korones S.
        Infection of the newborn with herpesvirus hominis.
        Adv. Pediatr. 1970; 17: 185
        • Nahmias A.J.
        • Josey W.E.
        Epidemiology of herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2.
        in: Evans A.S. Viral Infections of Humans: Epidemiology and Control. Plenum Press, New York1976: 253
        • Nahmias A.I.
        losey, W. E., Naib, Z. M., et al.: Antibodies to herpesvirus hominis types 1 and 2 in humans. I. Patients with genital herpetic infections.
        Am. J. Epidemiol. 1970; 91: 539
        • Nahmias A.J.
        • Josey W.E.
        • Naib Z.M.
        • et al.
        Perinatal risk associated with maternal genital herpes simplex virus infection.
        Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 1971; 110: 825
        • Nahmias A.J.
        • Visintine A.M.
        • Reimer C.B.
        • et al.
        Herpes simplex virus infection of the fetus and newborn.
        in: Krugman S. Gershon A. Infections in the Fetus and Newborn Infant. Progress in Clinical and Biological Research. Vol. 3. Alan R. Liss, Inc., New York1976: 63-77
        • Naib Z.M.
        • Nahmias A.I.
        • Josey W.E.
        • et al.
        Association of maternal genital herpetic infection with spontaneous abortion.
        Obstet. Gynecol. 1970; 35: 260-263
        • Oriel D.
        Infections of the male genital tract.
        in: Mårdh P.-A. Holmes K.K. Oriel J.O. Chlamydial Infections. Elsevier Biomedical, New York1982: 93-106
        • Oriel J.D.
        Genital warts.
        Sex. Transm. Dis. 1977; 4: 153-159
        • Oriel J.D.
        • Powis A.
        • Reeve P.
        • et al.
        Chlamydial infections of the cervix.
        Br. J. Vener. Dis. 1974; 50: 11-16
        • Oriel J.D.
        • Reeve P.
        • Thomas B.J.
        • et al.
        Infection with Chlamydia group A in men with urethritis due to Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
        J. Infect. Dis. 1975; 131: 376-382
        • Overall J.C.
        Antiviral chemotherapy of oral and genital herpes simplex virus infections.
        in: Nahmias A.J. Dowdle W.R. Schinazi R.F. The Human Herpesviruses. Elsevier, New York1981: 446-465
        • Page L.A.
        Proposal for the recognition of two species in the genus Chlamydia Jones, Rake, and Stearns 1945.
        Int. J. Sys. Bacteriol. 1968; 18: 51-66
        • Person D.A.
        • Kaufman R.H.
        • Gardner H.L.
        • et al.
        Herpesvirus type 2 in genitourinary infections.
        Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 1973; 116: 993-995
        • Peterson E.M.
        • de la Maza L.M.
        Chlamydia trachomatis: A genital pathogen worth recognizing.
        Am. J. Med. Technol. 1982; 48: 247-255
        • Prusoff W.H.
        • Otto M.J.
        • Lin T.-S.
        • et al.
        Present status and future developments in antiviral chemotherapy.
        in: de la Maza L.M. Peterson E.M. Medical Virology. Vol. 2. Elsevier Biomedical, New York1983
        • Rawls W.E.
        • Campione-Piccardo K.
        Epidemiology of herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 infections.
        in: Nahmias A.J. Dowdle W.R. Schinazi R.F. The Human Herpesviruses. Elsevier, New York1981: 137-152
        • Sanders B.B.
        • Stretcher G.S.
        Warts: Diagnosis and treatment.
        J.A.M.A. 1976; 235: 2859-2861
        • Schachter J.
        The expanding clinical spectrum of infections with Chlamydia trachomatis.
        Sex. Transm. Dis. 1977; 4: 116-118
        • Schachter J.
        Epidemiology of Chlamydia trachomatis infections.
        in: de la Maza L.M. Peterson E.M. Medical Virology. Vol. 2. Elsevier Biomedical, New York1983
        • Schachter J.
        • Barnes M.G.
        • Jones J.P.
        • et al.
        Isolation ofbedsoniae from the joints of patients with Reiters syndrome.
        Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 1966; 122: 283-285
        • Schachter J.
        • Dawson R.C.
        Is trachoma an ocular component of a more generalized chlamydial infection?.
        Lancet. 1979; 1: 702-703
        • Schachter J.
        • Dawson R.C.
        Human Chlamydial Infections.
        PSG Publ. Co., Inc., Littleton, Massachusetts1978
        • Schachter J.
        • Hill E.C.
        • King E.B.
        • et al.
        Chlamydial infection in women with cervical dysplasia.
        Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 1975; 123: 753-757
        • Schmidt N.J.
        Advances in the laboratory diagnosis of viral infections.
        in: de la Maza L.M. Peterson E.M. Medical Virology. Elsevier Biomedical, New York1982
        • Schneweis K.A.
        Serologische Untersuchungen zur Typendifferenzierung des Herpes virus N Hominis.
        Z. Immunitaetsforsch. 1962; 124: 24-27
        • Schwartz J.
        • Whetxell W.O.
        • Elizan T.S.
        Latent herpes simplex infection of mice.
        J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 1978; 37: 45-55
        • Scriba M.
        Extraneural localization of herpes simplex virus in latently infected guinea pigs.
        Nature. 1977; 267: 529-531
        • Shore L.
        • Feorino P.M.
        Immunology of primary herpesvirus infections in humans.
        in: Nahmias A.J. Dowdle W.R. Schinazi R.F. The Human Herpesviruses. Elsevier, New York1981: 269-288
        • Skinner G.R.
        • Woodman C.B.
        • Hartley C.E.
        • et al.
        Preparation and immunogenicity of vaccine Ac NFU1 (S-) MRC towards the prevention of herpes genitalis.
        Br. J. Vener. Dis. 1982; 58: 381-386
        • Smith I.W.
        • Pentherer J.F.
        • MacCallum F.O.
        The incidence of herpesvirus hominis antibody in the population.
        J. Hyg. (Cambr.). 1967; 65: 395
        • Smith T.F.
        Role of the diagnostic virology laboratory in clinical microbiology: Tests for Chlamydia trachomatis and enteric toxins in cell culture.
        in: de la Maza L.M. Peterson E.M. Medical Virology. Elsevier Biomedical, New York1982
        • Terzin A.L.
        • Masic M.G.
        Age-specific incidence of neutralization antibodies of herpes simplex virus.
        J. Hyg. (Cambr.). 1976; 77: 155
        • Thin R.N.
        • Atia W.
        • Parker J.D.
        • et al.
        Value of Papanicolaou-stained smears in the diagnosis of trichomoniasis, candidiasis, and cervical herpes simplex virus infection in women.
        Br. J. Vener. Dis. 1975; 51: 116-118
        • Toth A.
        • Senterfit L.B.
        • Ledger W.J.
        Secondary amenorrhea associated with Chlamydia trachomatis infection.
        Br. J. Vener. Dis. 1983; 59: 105-108
        • Wang S.-P.
        • Grayston J.T.
        Immunologic relationships between genital TRIC, lymphogranuloma venereum, and related organisms in a new microtiter indirect immunofluorescence test.
        Am. J. Ophthalmol. 1970; 70: 367-374
        • Wang S.-P.
        • Grayston J.T.
        Human serology in Chlamydia trachomatis infection with microimmunofluorescence.
        J. Infect. Dis. 1974; 130: 388-397
        • Westrom L.
        • Mårdh P.-A.
        Genital chlamydial infections in the female.
        in: Mårdh P.-A. Holmes K.K. Oriel J.D. Chlamydial Infections. Elsevier Biomedical, New York1982: 121-139
        • Wiesner P.J.
        • Thompson S.E.
        • Drotman D.P.
        Confusing correlates of chlamydial infection.
        J.A.M.A. 1982; 247: 1606-1607
        • Whitley R.J.
        • Chien L.T.
        • Alford C.A.
        Neonatal herpes simplex virus infection.
        Int. Ophthalmol. Clin. 1975; 15: 141
        • Yeager A.S.
        • Arvin A.M.
        • Urbani J.J.
        • et al.
        Relationship of antibody to outcome in neonatal herpes simplex virus infections.
        Infect. Immun. 1980; 29: 532-538

      Article info

      Footnotes

      This article first appeared in Medical Clinics of North America, Vol. 67, No. 5, September 1983, as part of a symposium on medical virology.

      Identification

      DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-2712(18)30886-2

      Copyright

      © 1985 Elsevier Inc. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

      ScienceDirect

      Access this article on ScienceDirect
      We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content. To update your cookie settings, please visit the for this site.
      Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. except certain content provided by third parties. The content on this site is intended for healthcare professionals.


      RELX