Advertisement
Research Article| Volume 5, ISSUE 2, P303-315, June 1985

Assessment of Tumor Markers in Cerebrospinal Fluid

  • Kurt A. Jaeckle
    Correspondence
    Department of Neurology, University of Utah Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132
    Affiliations
    Assistant Professor of Neurology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
    Search for articles by this author
      This paper is only available as a PDF. To read, Please Download here.
      In clinical practice, the examination of cerebrospinal fluid from patients with primary or metastatic brain tumors is commonly limited to cytomorphologic and routine chemistry analysis. The relative lack of sensitivity and specificity of these tests has led to a search for markers that can detect nervous system involvement by neoplasms at an earlier stage and even predict the site of origin of the neoplasms. This article summarizes recent investigators of biochemical tumor markers and cytoplasmic and cell surface markers in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with nervous system tumors.
      To read this article in full you will need to make a payment

      Purchase one-time access:

      Academic & Personal: 24 hour online accessCorporate R&D Professionals: 24 hour online access
      One-time access price info
      • For academic or personal research use, select 'Academic and Personal'
      • For corporate R&D use, select 'Corporate R&D Professionals'

      Subscribers receive full online access to your subscription and archive of back issues up to and including 2002.

      Content published before 2002 is available via pay-per-view purchase only.

      Subscribe:

      Subscribe to Clinics in Laboratory Medicine
      Already a print subscriber? Claim online access
      Already an online subscriber? Sign in
      Institutional Access: Sign in to ScienceDirect

      References

        • Allen J.C.
        • Nisselbaum J.
        • Epstein F.
        • et al.
        Alpha-fetoprotein and human chorionic gonadotropin determination in cerebrospinal fluid. An aid to the diagnosis and management of intracranial germ-cell tumors.
        J. Neurosurg. 1979; 51: 368-374
        • Allen N.
        β-Glucuronidase activities in tumors of the nervous system.
        Neurology. 1961; 11: 578-596
        • Anlyan A.J.
        • Gamble S.
        • Hoster H.A.
        β-Glucuronidase activity of the white blood cells in human leukemias and Hodgkin’s disease.
        Cancer. 1950; 3: 116-123
        • Anlyan A.J.
        • Starr A.
        β-Glucuronidase activity of spinal and ventricular fluids in humans.
        Cancer. 1952; 5: 578-580
        • Astaldi A.
        • Pasino M.
        • Rosanda C.
        • et al.
        T and B cells in cerebrospinal fluid in acute lymphocytic leukemia.
        N. Engl. J. Med. 1976; 294: 550-551
        • Bagshawe K.D.
        • Harland S.
        Immunodiagnosis and monitoring of gonadotropin producing metastases in the central nervous system.
        Cancer. 1976; 38: 112-118
        • Bignami A.
        • Engl L.F.
        • Dahl D.
        • et al.
        Localization of the glial fibrillary acidic protein in astrocytes by immunofluorescence.
        Brain Res. 1972; 43: 429-435
        • Bigner S.H.
        • Johnson W.W.
        The cytopathology of cerebrospinal fluid. II. Metastatic cancer, meningeal carcinomatosis and primary central nervous system neoplasms.
        Acta Cytol. 1981; 25: 461-479
        • Black P.M.
        • Callahan L.V.
        • Kornblith P.L.
        Tissue culture from cerebrospinal fluid specimens in the study of human brain tumors.
        J. Neurosurg. 1978; 49: 697-704
        • Coakham H.B.
        • Garson J.A.
        • Brownell B.
        • et al.
        Use of monoclonal antibody panel to identify malignant cells in cerebrospinal fluid.
        Lancet. 1984; 1: 1095-1097
        • Coakham H.B.
        • Harper E.I.
        • Garson J.A.
        • et al.
        Carcinomatous meningitis diagnosed with monoclonal antibodies.
        Br. Med. J. 1984; 288: 1272
        • Davies-Jones G.A.
        Lactate dehydrogenase and glutamic oxalacetic transaminase of the cerebrospinal fluid in tumors of the central nervous system.
        J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 1969; 32: 324-327
        • DeLellis R.A.
        • Sternberger L.A.
        • Mann R.B.
        • et al.
        Immunoperoxidase techniques in diagnostic pathology. Report of a workshop sponsored by the National Cancer Institute.
        Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 1979; 71: 483-488
        • Dharker S.R.
        • Dharker R.S.
        • Chaurasin B.D.
        Lactate dehydrogenase and aspartate transaminase of the cerebrospinal fluid in patients with brain tumours, congenital hydrocephalus, and brain abscess.
        J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 1976; 39: 1081-1085
        • Fleischer J.H.
        • Marton L.J.
        • Bachur N.R.
        • et al.
        Cholesterol in cerebrospinal fluid of brain tumor patients.
        Life Sei. 1973; 13: 1517-1526
        • Fleisher M.
        • Schold S.C.
        • Schwartz M.K.
        • et al.
        Tumor markers in cerebrospinal fluid for the differential diagnosis of central nervous system metastasis.
        Clin. Chem. 1978; 24: 1002
        • Fleisher M.
        • Wasserstrom W.R.
        • Schold S.C.
        • et al.
        Lactic dehydrogenase isoenzymes in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with systemic cancer.
        Cancer. 1981; 47: 2654-2659
        • Fumagalli R.
        • Gross-Paoletti E.
        • Paoletti P.
        • et al.
        Lipids in brain tumors. II. Effect of triparanol and 20,25-diazocholesterol on sterol composition in experimental and human brain tumors.
        J. Neurol. 1966; 13: 1005-1010
        • Fumagalli R.
        • Paoletti P.
        Sterol test for human brain tumors: Relationship with different oncotypes.
        Neurology. 1971; 21: 1149-1156
        • Garson J.A.
        • Coakham H.B.
        • Kemshead J.
        • et al.
        The diagnostic role of monoclonal antibodies in brain tumor biopsy and CSF cytology: A review of 180 cases.
        J. Neurol. Oncol. 1984; 2: 267
        • Gerhardt W.
        • Clausen J.
        • Christensen E.
        • et al.
        Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes in the diagnosis of human benign and malignant brain tumors.
        J.N.C.I. 1967; 38: 343-356
        • Glass J.P.
        • Melamed M.
        • Chernik N.L.
        • et al.
        Malignant cells in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF): The meaning of a positive CSF cytology.
        Neurology. 1979; 29: 1369-1375
        • Goldenberg D.M.
        • DeLand F.
        • Kim E.
        • et al.
        Use of radiolabeled antibodies to carcinoembryonic antigen for the detection and localization of diverse scanners by external photoscanning.
        N. Engl. J. Med. 1978; 298: 1384-1388
        • Goodson J.D.
        • Strauss G.M.
        Diagnosis of lymphomatous leptomeningitis by cerebrospinal fluid lymphocyte cell surface markers.
        Am. J. Med. 1979; 66: 1057-1059
        • Hancock W.W.
        • Medley G.
        Monoclonal antibodies to identify tumour cells in CSF.
        Lancet. 1983; 2: 739-740
        • Hansen M.
        • Hansen H.H.
        • Almqvist S.
        • et al.
        Cerebrospinal fluid ACTH and calcitonin in patients with CNS metastases from small cell bronchogenic carcinoma.
        Eur. J. Cancer Clin. Oncol. 1980; 16: 855-857
        • Harrison P.B.
        • Cripps A.W.
        Exclusion of leukaemia meningitis by quantitation of T and B lymphocytes in cerebrospinal fluid.
        Aust. N.Z. J. Med. 1982; 12: 286-287
        • Hauser S.L.
        • Reinherz E.L.
        • Hoban C.J.
        • et al.
        CSF cells in multiple sclerosis: Monoclonal antibody analysis and relationship to peripheral blood T-cell subsets.
        Neurology. 1983; 33: 575-579
        • Hayakawa T.
        • Morimoto K.
        • Ushio Y.
        • et al.
        Levels of astroprotein (an astrocyte specific cerebroprotein) in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with brain tumors: An attempt at immunochemical diagnosis of gliomas.
        J. Neurosurg. 1980; 52: 229-233
        • Hill S.
        • Martin E.M.
        • Ellison E.C.
        • et al.
        Carcinoembryonic antigen in cerebrospinal fluid of adult brain tumor patients.
        J. Neurosurg. 1980; 53: 627-632
        • Jacque C.M.
        • Vinner C.
        • Kūjas M.
        • et al.
        Determination of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in human brain tumors.
        J. Neurol. Sei. 1978; 35: 147-155
        • Jakoby R.K.
        • Jakoby W.B.
        Lactic dehydrogenase of cerebrospinal fluid in the differential diagnosis of cerebrovascular disease and brain tumor.
        J. Neurosurg. 1958; 15: 45-51
        • Jordan R.M.
        • Kendall J.W.
        • Senich J.L.
        Cerebrospinal fluid hormone concentrations in the evaluation of pituitary tumors.
        Ann. Intern. Med. 1976; 85: 49-55
        • Kajikawa H.
        • Ohta T.
        • Ohshiro H.
        • et al.
        Cerebrospinal fluid cytology in patients with brain tumors: A simple method using the cell culture technique.
        Acta Cytol. 1977; 21: 162-167
        • Kaye S.B.
        • Bagshawe K.D.
        Chemical markers in spinal fluid for tumours of the central nervous system (CNS).
        in: Whitehouse J.M. Kay H.E. CNS Complications of Malignant Disease. University Park Press, Baltimore1979
        • Khoo S.K.
        • Warner N.L.
        • Lie J.T.
        • et al.
        Carcinoembryonic antigen activity of tissue extracts: A quantitative study of malignant and benign neoplasms, cirrhotic liver, normal adult and fetal organs.
        Int. J. Cancer. 1973; 11: 681-687
        • Levinson A.I.
        • Lisak R.P.
        • Zweiman B.
        Immunologic characterization of cerebrospinal fluid lymphocytes: Preliminary report.
        Neurology. 1976; 26: 693-695
        • Link H.
        Characteristics of the immune response within the CNS in neurological disorders.
        Acta Neurol. Scand. 1978; 67: 177-190
        • Mach J.P.
        • Carrel S.
        • Forni M.
        • et al.
        Tumor localization of radiolabeled antibodies against carcinoembryonic antigen in patients with carcinoma.
        N. Engl. J. Med. 1980; 303: 5-10
        • Manconi P.E.
        • Zaccheo D.
        • Bugiani O.
        • et al.
        Surface markers on lymphocytes from human cerebrospinal fluid.
        Eur. Neurol. 1978; 17: 87-91
        • Marton L.J.
        Polyamines and brain tumors.
        Natl. Cancer Inst. Monogr. 1977; 46: 127-131
        • Marton L.J.
        • Gordon G.S.
        • Barker M.
        • et al.
        Failure to demonstrate desmosterol in spinal fluid of brain tumor patients.
        Arch. Neurol. 1973; 26: 137-138
        • Marton L.J.
        • Heby O.
        • Levin V.A.
        • et al.
        The relationship of polyamines in cerebrospinal fluid to the presence of central nervous system tumors.
        Cancer Res. 1976; 36: 973-977
        • Marton L.J.
        • Heby O.
        • Wilson C.B.
        Increased polyamine concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with brain tumors.
        Int. J. Cancer. 1974; 14: 731-735
        • Mavligit G.M.
        • Stuckey S.E.
        • Cabanillas F.F.
        • et al.
        Diagnosis of leukemia in the central nervous system by β-2-microglobulin determination.
        N. Engl. J. Med. 1980; 303: 718-722
        • Monis B.
        • Banks B.M.
        • Rutenberg A.M.
        β-Glucuronidase activity in malignant neoplasms of man.
        Cancer. 1960; 13: 386-393
        • Moser R.P.
        • Robinson J.A.
        • Prostko E.R.
        Lymphocyte subpopulations in human cerebrospinal fluid.
        Neurology. 1976; 26: 726-728
        • Naess A.
        Decrease of E and EA but not EAC rosette formation after incubation of blood lymphocytes in cerebrospinal fluid.
        Int. Arch. Allergy Appl. Immunol. 1983; 70: 97-99
        • Oehmichen M.
        Characterization of mononuclear phagocytes in human CSF using membrane markers.
        Acta Cytol. 1976; 20: 548-552
        • Oehmichen M.
        • Wietholter H.
        • Gencic M.
        Cytochemical marking ofT lymphocytes in human cerebrospinal fluid.
        Neurology. 1980; 30: 899-901
        • Paoletti P.
        • Vandenheuval F.A.
        • Fumagalli R.
        • et al.
        The sterol test for the diagnosis of human brain tumors.
        Neurology. 1969; 19: 190-197
        • Ransohoff J.
        • Weiss J.
        Cerbrospinal fluid sterols in the evaluation of patients with gliomas.
        Natl. Cancer Inst. Monogr. 1977; 46: 119-124
        • Robow L.
        • Kristensson K.
        Changes in lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme patterns in patients with tumors of the central nervous system.
        Acta Neurochir. (Wien). 1977; 36: 71-81
        • Ronquist G.
        • Ericsson P.
        • Firthz G.
        • et al.
        Malignant brain tumours associated with adenylate kinase in cerebrospinal fluid.
        Lancet. 1977; 1: 1284-1286
        • Rutledge J.
        CSF β-2-microglobulin in diagnosis of CNS leukemia or lymphoma.
        N. Engl. J. Med. 1981; 304 (letter): 362
        • Sano K.
        • Chigasaki H.
        • Takakura K.
        Diagnostic value of LDH isozyme studies in intracranial tumors.
        in: DeVet A.C. Proceedings of the Third International Congress of Neurological Surgery. Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam1966: 575-579
        • Sayk J.
        The cerebrospinal fluid in brain tumors.
        in: Vinken P.J. Bruyn G.W. Handbook of Clinic Neurology. Vol. 16. North Holland Publishing Co., Amsterdam1974
        • Schold S.C.
        • Bullard D.E.
        Cerebrospinal fluid analysis in central nervous system cancer.
        in: Wood J.H. Neurobiology of Cerebrospinal Fluid. Plenum Press, New York1980
        • Schold S.C.
        • Fleisher M.
        • Schwartz M.
        • et al.
        CSF biochemical “markers” of CNS metastasis.
        Trans. Am. Neurol. Assoc. 1978; 103: 179-181
        • Schold S.C.
        • Vugrin D.
        • Golbey R.B.
        • et al.
        Central nervous system metastases from germ cell carcinoma of testis.
        Semin. Oncol. 1978; 0: 102-108
        • Schold S.C.
        • Wasserstrom W.R.
        • Fleisher M.
        • et al.
        Cerebrospinal fluid tumor markers in central nervous system metastases.
        Ann. Neurol. 1980; 8: 597-604
        • Schroeder L.L.
        • Johnson J.C.
        • Malarkey W.B.
        Cerebrospinal fluid prolactin: A reflection of abnormal prolactin secretion in patients with pituitary tumors.
        J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1968; 43: 1255-1260
        • Seldenfeld J.
        • Marton L.J.
        Biochemical markers of central nervous system tumors measured in cerebrospinal fluid and their potential use in diagnosis and patient management: A review.
        J.N.C.I. 1979; 63: 919-931
        • Shuster J.
        • Freedman S.O.
        • Gold P.
        Oncofetal antigens.
        Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 1977; 68: 679-687
        • Shuttleworth E.
        • Allen N.
        CSF β-glucuronidase assay as an aid to the diagnosis of diffuse meningeal dissemination of neoplasm.
        Ann. Neurol. 1978; 4: 175
        • Snitzer L.S.
        • McKinney E.C.
        • Tejada F.
        • et al.
        Cerebral metastases and carcinoem bryonic antigen in CSF.
        N. Engl. J. Med. 1975; 293: 1101
        • Sundaresan N.
        • Vugrin D.
        • Nisselbaum J.
        • et al.
        Cerebrospinal fluid markers in central nervous system metastases from testicular carcinoma.
        Neurosurgery. 1979; 4: 292-295
        • Suzuki Y.
        • Tanaka R.
        Carcinoembryonic antigen in patients with intracranial tumors.
        J. Neurosurg. 1980; 53: 355-360
        • Taylor C.R.
        • Bchir D.P.
        • Russel R.
        • et al.
        An immunohistochemical study of immunoglobulin content of primary central nervous system lymphomas.
        Cancer. 1978; 41: 2197-2205
        • Tenhunen R.
        • Iivanainen M.
        • Kovanen J.
        Cerebrospinal fluid B2 microglobulin in neurological disorders.
        Acta Neurol. Scand. 1978; 57: 366-373
        • Thiede H.A.
        • Choate J.W.
        Chorionic gonadotropin location in the human placenta by immunofluorescent staining. II. Demonstration of HCG in the trophoblast and ammon epithelium of immature and mature placenta.
        Obstet. Gynecol. 1963; 22: 433-443
        • Thompson H.G.
        • Hirschberg E.
        • Osnos M.
        • et al.
        Evaluation of phosphohexose isomerase activity in cerebrospinal fluid in neoplastic disease of the central nervous system.
        Neurology. 1959; 9: 545-552
        • Van Rymenant M.
        • Robert J.
        Enzymes in cancer. II. The isocitric dehydrogenase of the cerebrospinal fluid in various cancerous and noncancerous conditions.
        Cancer. 1960; 13: 878-881
        • Vara-Lopez R.
        • Vara-Thorbeck R.
        Modifications in the activity of some enzymes of the cerebrospinal fluid in patients with intracranial tumors.
        J. Neurosurg. 1971; 34: 749-752
        • Wasserstrom W.R.
        • Schwartz M.K.
        • Fleisher M.
        • et al.
        Cerebrospinal fluid biochemical markers in central nervous system tumors: A review.
        Ann. Clin. Lab. Sei. 1981; 11: 239-251
        • Wechsler L.R.
        • Gross R.A.
        • Miller D.C.
        Meningeal gliomatosis with “negative” CSF cytology: The value of GFAP staining.
        Neurology. 1984; 34: 1611-1615
        • Wolf P.
        • Reid D.
        Use of radiolabeled antibodies for localization of neoplasms. The state of the art.
        Arch. Intern. Med. 1981; 141: 1067-1070
        • Yoshiki T.
        • Itoh T.
        • Shirai T.
        • et al.
        Primary intracranial yolk sac tumor: Immunoflu orescent demonstration of alpha-fetoprotein synthesis.
        Cancer. 1976; 37: 2343-2348