This paper is only available as a PDF. To read, Please Download here.
Abnormal body fluids provide a readily accessible source of diagnostic information.
The clinician uses the information provided by body fluid analysis to formulate, in
order of priority, a list of differential diagnoses and to follow the results of therapy.
Commonly evaluated body fluids discussed in this article include pleural and peritoneal
fluids, cerebrospinal fluid, and urine.
To read this article in full you will need to make a payment
Purchase one-time access:
Academic & Personal: 24 hour online accessCorporate R&D Professionals: 24 hour online accessOne-time access price info
- For academic or personal research use, select 'Academic and Personal'
- For corporate R&D use, select 'Corporate R&D Professionals'
Subscribers receive full online access to your subscription and archive of back issues up to and including 2002.
Content published before 2002 is available via pay-per-view purchase only.
Subscribe:
Subscribe to Clinics in Laboratory MedicineAlready a print subscriber? Claim online access
Already an online subscriber? Sign in
Register: Create an account
Institutional Access: Sign in to ScienceDirect
References
- Diagnostic utility of pleural fluid eosinophilia.Am. J. Med. 1984; 77: 915-920
- Alpha-fetoprotein and human chorionic gonadotrophin determinations in cerebrospinal fluid: An aid to the diagnosis and management of intracranial germ cell tumors.J. Neurosurg. 1979; 57: 368-374
- Meningeal carcinomatosis in small cell carcinoma of the lung.Am. J. Med. 1981; 71: 26-32
- Immunodiagnosis and monitoring of gonadotrophin producing metastases in the central nervous system.Cancer. 1976; 35: 112-118
- Chylothorax.Ann. Thorac. Surg. 1971; 12: 527-550
- The cytopathology of cerebrospinal fluid. I. Non-neoplastic conditions, lymphoma and leukemia.Acta Cytol. 1981; 25: 335-353
- The cytodiagnosis of malignant lymphomas and Hodgkin’s disease in cerebrospinal, pleural and ascitic fluids.Acta Cytol. 1975; 19: 547-556
- Spinal fluid lymphocytes responsive to autologous and allogeneic cells in multiple sclerosis and control individuals.J. Clin. Invest. 1984; 74: 1307-1317
- Chylothorax: Observations in 20 cases.Dis. Chest. 1964; 46: 464-468
- Diagnostic value of ascitic fluid lactic dehydrogenase, protein, and WBC levels.Arch. Intern. Med. 1978; 135: 1103-1105
- Malignancy-associated serosanguinous pleural effusions.Acta Cytol. 1984; 25: 46-50
- Central nervous system complications in patients with diffuse histiocytic and undifferentiated leukemiadymphoma revisited.Blood. 1976; 47: 3-10
- The urinary myeloma cast: Frequency of detection and clinical correlations in 30 patients with multiple myeloma.Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 1985; 83: 421-425
- Cytologic evidence for disseminated immunoblastic lymphoma.Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 1981; 75: 621-625
- Urinary cytodiagnosis of renal involvement in disseminated histiocytic lymphoma.Acta Cytol. 1984; 28: 148-152
- Urinary cytodiagnostic abnormalities in 50 patients with non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas.Cancer. 1984; 54: 1914-1919
- The clinical relevance of “CSF viral culture.”.J.A.M.A. 1982; 247: 1843-1847
- Radioimmunoassay of myelinbasic protein in spinal fluid.N. Engl. J. Med. 1976; 295: 1455-1457
- Neurological complications of acute leukemia in adults: Changing rate.Ann. Intern. Med. 1973; 79: 541-544
- Ratios of pleural fluid to serum immunoglobulins in malignant pleural effusions.Cancer. 1983; 52: 2151-2155
- Cytogenetic diagnosis of malignant pleural effusions.Mayo Clin. Proc. 1982; 57: 488-494
- Zinc, copper and iron contents of pleural fluid in benign and neoplastic disease.Mayo Clin. Proc. 1974; 49: 102-106
- The value of cells in the pleural fluid in the differential diagnosis.Mayo Clin. Proc. 1975; 50: 571-572
- Diagnosis of bacterial meningitis by counterimmunoelectrophoresis.J. Lab. Clin. Med. 1972; 80: 449-454
- Carcinoembryonic antigen in pleural effusions: Diagnostic value in malignant mesothelioma.Cancer. 1984; 53: 1194-1197
- Bacterial meningitis in the absence of CSF pleocytosis.Arch. Intern. Med. 1981; 141: 1369-1372
- Ascites II. The value of determinations of enzymes in the study of ascitic fluid.Gastroenterology. 1959; 37: 325-331
- Malignant pleural effusions.Cancer Treat. Rev. 1978; 5: 49-66
- Comparison of the diagnostic values of biopsies of the pleura and cytologic evaluation of pleural fluids.Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 1979; 72: 48-51
- Malignant cells in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF): The meaning of a positive CSF cytology.Neurology. 1979; 29: 1369-1375
- Lupus pleuritis: Clinical features and pleural fluid characteristics with special reference to pleural fluid antinuclear antibodies.Chest. 1983; 84: 714-718
- Favorable outcome of central nervous system toxoplasmosis occurring in a patient with untreated Hodgkin’s disease.Cancer. 1980; 45: 808-810
- Ascites III. The value of glycoprotein determinations and cytology in the study of ascitic fluid.Gastroenterology. 1959; 37: 332-338
- Lactoferrin, lysozyme and B2 microglobulin levels in cerebrospinal fluid: Differential indices of CNS inflammation.Inflammation. 1982; 6: 291-304
- Pleural effusion laboratory tests in 300 cases.Thorax. 1979; 34: 106-112
- Eosinophilic meningitis in Hodgkin’s disease—report of a case and review of the literature.Arch. Intern. Med. 1983; 143: 590-592
- Pleural fluid complement in systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis.Ann. Intern. Med. 1972; 76: 357-363
- The clinical value of ascitic fluid culture and leukocyte count studies in alcoholic cirrhosis.Gastroenterology. 1976; 70: 408-412
- Early (chemical) diagnosis of bacterial meningitis—cerebrospinal fluid glucose, lactate, and lactate dehydrogenase compared.Clin. Chem. 1981; 27: 1431-1434
- Rapid diagnosis of tuberculous meningitis by latex parade agglutination.Lancet. 1984; 2: 1229-1232
- Contamination of cerebrospinal fluid by vertebral bone marrow cells during lumbar puncture.Id. Engl. J. Med. 1983; 308: 697-700
- Eosinophils in the cerebrospinal fluid.Ann. Intern. Med. 1979; 91: 70-75
- Pleural effusion: A statistical study of 436 patients.N. Engl. J. Med. 1955; 252: 79-83
- Decreased heat-labile opsonic activity and complement levels associated with evidence of C3 breakdown products in infected pleural effusions.J. Clin. Invest. 1979; 63: 326-334
- Cells in pleural fluid: Their value in differential diagnosis.Arch. Intern. Med. 1973; 132: 854-860
- Pleural effusions: The diagnostic separation of transudates and exudates.Ann. Intern. Med. 1972; 77: 507-513
- Central nervous system involvement in non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: An analysis of 105 cases.Cancer. 1982; 49: 586-595
- Diagnostic value of tumoral markers in serous effusions.Cancer. 1982; 50: 1783-1788
- Diagnosis of leukemia or lymphoma in the central nervous system by beta2 microglobulin determinations.N. Engl. J. Med. 1980; 303: 718-722
- Primary malignant lymphoma of the urinary bladder with a positive cytologic report.Acta Cytol. 1982; 26: 69-72
- Chylothorax and chylous ascites: A study of 302 selected cases.Am. J. Gastroenterol. 1957; 28: 40-55
- Hodgkin’s disease with leptomeningeal involvement: Report of a case with long survival.Cancer. 1984; 53: 1833-1835
- The diagnostic significance of serous fluids in disease.N. Engl. J. Med. 1940; 223: 1010-1015
- T and B lymphocytes in pleural effusions.Chest. 1978; 73: 49-51
- T and B cell responses in patients with malignant pleural effusions.Br. J. Cancer. 1981; 43: 471-477
- Pleural fluid pH in parapneumonic effusions.Chest. 1976; 70: 328-331
- Evaluation and management of chylousascites.Ann. Intern. Med. 1982; 96: 358-364
- Superiority of the sernm-ascites albumin difference over the ascites total protein concentration in preparation of “transudative” and “exudative” ascites.Am. J. Med. 1984; 77: 83-85
- Carcinomatous leptomeningitis in small cell cancer: A clinicopathologic review of the National Cancer Institute experience.Medicine (Baltimore). 1982; 61: 45-53
- Ascites IV. Clinical appraisal of the laboratory studies of ascitic fluid and blood as an aid to diagnosis.Gastroenterology. 1959; 37: 339-345
- Toxoplasmosis in the compromised host.Ann. Intern. Med. 1976; 84: 193-199
- Cerebrospinal fluid biochemical markers of central nervous system metastases.Ann. Neurol. 1980; 8: 597-604
- Urine Sediment Examination.The Williams and Wilkins Co., Baltimore1980
- The Clinician’s Guide to Diagnostic Cytology.Year Book Medical Publishers, Chicago1982: 236-249
- Diagnosis of cryptococcosis—comparison of various methods to detect Cryptococcus neoformans.Mykosen. 1983; 26: 29-33
- Immunoglobulins in cerebrospinal fluid in multiple sclerosis.Hum. Pathol. 1983; 14: 99-103
- Bacterial meningitis—a review of selected aspects.N. Engl. J. Med. 1965; 273: 779-787
- The significance of fluid in the pleural space: A study of 274 cases.J. Thorac. Surg. 1945; 14: 248-252
- Analysis of pleural effusions using automated flow cytometry.Cancer. 1983; 52: 873-877
- Lactic dehydrogenase isoenzyme electrophoretic patterns in the diagnosis of pleural effusion.Cancer. 1984; 54: 507-511
- Diagnostic view of biochemical analysis of pleural effusions.Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 1979; 71: 210-214
- Differential diagnosis of pleural effusions: Clinical usefulness of cell marker quantitation.Chest. 1981; 79: 297-301
- On chylous and pseudo-chylous ascites.Q. J. Med. 1910; 4: 153-204
- Tumor-associated eosinophilotactic factor.N. Engl. J. Med. 1974; 290: 420-424
- Diagnostic significance of carcinoembryonic antigen levels in serous effusions: Correlation with cytology.Acta Cytol. 1979; 23: 443-448
- Diagnostic significance of lymphocytes in pleural effusions.Ann. Intern. Med. 1967; 66: 972-982
- Meningeal carcinomatosis in breast cancer.Cancer. 1978; 42: 283-286
- Central nervous system complications of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma.Am. J. Med. 1979; 66: 435-443
Article info
Identification
Copyright
© 1985 Elsevier Inc. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.