Advertisement
Research Article| Volume 6, ISSUE 3, P457-475, September 1986

The Cerebrospinal Fluid Proteins in Multiple Sclerosis

  • Alexander Rosenthal
    Correspondence
    Corresponding Author: Department of Pathology, M-012D, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92075.
    Affiliations
    Research Fellow, Department of Pathology, University of California at San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, California
    Search for articles by this author
DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-2712(18)30793-5
The Cerebrospinal Fluid Proteins in Multiple Sclerosis
Previous ArticleInterpretation of Electrophoretic Patterns of Serum Proteins
Next ArticleAlpha-Heavy Chain Disease
      This paper is only available as a PDF. To read, Please Download here.
      A specific and reliable diagnostic test for MS does not currently exist. However, most patients afflicted with this disorder demonstrate both qualitative and quantitative changes in CSF proteins. An abnormal immunoglobulin fraction synthesized within the CNS is frequently found to be electrophoretically distinct from other proteins of the CSF and quantifiable according to different formulas. Although an etiologic antigen has not been implicated as yet, these findings provide compelling evidence to support an immunopathologic basis for MS.
      To read this article in full you will need to make a payment

      Purchase one-time access:

      Academic & Personal: 24 hour online accessCorporate R&D Professionals: 24 hour online access
      One-time access price info
      • For academic or personal research use, select 'Academic and Personal'
      • For corporate R&D use, select 'Corporate R&D Professionals'

      Subscribers receive full online access to your subscription and archive of back issues up to and including 2002.

      Content published before 2002 is available via pay-per-view purchase only.

      Subscribe:

      Subscribe to Clinics in Laboratory Medicine
      Already a print subscriber? Claim online access
      Already an online subscriber? Sign in
      Register: Create an account
      Institutional Access: Sign in to ScienceDirect

      References

        • Ansari K.A.
        • Wells K.
        • Vatassery G.T.
        Quantitative estimation of cerebrospinal fluid globulins in multiple sclerosis: A comparison of electrophoretic and immunologic methods.
        Neurology (Minneapolis). 1975; 25: 608-692
        • Baird L.G.
        • Tachovsky T.G.
        • Sandberg-Wollheim M.
        • et al.
        Identification of a unique idiotype in cerebrospinal fluid and serum of a patient with multiple sclerosis.
        J. Immunol. 1980; 124: 2324-2328
        • Bauer H.Z.
        • Goltesleben A.
        Quantitative immunochemical studies of cerebrospinal fluid proteins in relation to clinical activity of multiple sclerosis. In Pathogenesis and Etiology of Demyelinating Disease.
        Int. Arch. Allerg. 1969; 36: 643-648
        • Bloomer L.C.
        • Bray P.F.
        Relative value of three laboratory methods in the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis.
        Clin. Chem. 1981; 27: 2011-2013
        • Cawley L.P.
        • Minard B.J.
        • Tourtellotte W.W.
        • et al.
        Immunofixation electrophoretic techniques applied to identification of proteins in serum and cerebrospinal fluid.
        Clin. Chem. 1976; 22: 1262-1268
        • Christenson R.H.
        • Behimer P.
        • Howard J.F.
        • et al.
        Interpretation of cerebrospinal fluid protein assay in various neurologic diseases.
        Clin. Chem. 1983; 29: 1028-1030
        • Cutler R.W.P.
        • Deuel R.K.
        • Barlow C.F.
        Albumin exchange between plasma and cerebrospinal fluid.
        Arch. Neurol. 1967; 17: 261-270

      8. Dawson, J. W.: The histology of multiple sclerosis. Trans. R. Soc. Edinburgh, L:517–540, 1916; reproduced by Montreal Neurological Institute, 1973.

        • Delmotte P.
        Gel isoelectric focusing of cerebrospinal fluid proteins: A potential diagnostic tool.
        Z. Klin. Chem. Klin. Biochem. 1971; 9: 334-336
        • Delmotte P.
        • Gonsette R.
        Biochemical findings in multiple sclerosis: IV. Isolectric focusing of the cerebrospinal fluid gamma globulins in multiple sclerosis (262 cases) and other neurological diseases (272 cases).
        J. Neurol. 1977; 125: 27-37
        • Ebers G.C.
        Oligoclonal banding in multiple sclerosis.
        Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1983; 436: 206-212
        • Ebers G.C.
        • Paty D.W.
        Cerebrospinal fluid electrophoresis in 1000 patients.
        Can. J. Neurol. Sci. 1980; 7: 275-280
        • Ebers G.C.
        • Zabriski J.B.
        • Kunkel H.G.
        Oligloclonal immunoblobulins in SSPE and multiple sclerosis: A study of idiotypic determinants.
        Clin. Exp. Immunol. 1979; 35: 67
        • Eickhoff K.
        • Kaschka W.
        • Skvaril F.
        • et al.
        Determination of IgG subgroups in the cerebrospinal fluid of multiple sclerosis patients and others.
        Acta Neurol. Scand. 1979; 60: 266-282
        • Eickhoff K.
        • Wilkstom J.
        • Poser S.
        • et al.
        Protein profile of cerebrospinal fluid in multiple sclerosis with special reference to the function of the blood-brain barrier.
        J. Neurol. 1977; 214: 207-214
        • Esiri M.J.
        Multiple sclerosis: A quantitative and qualitative study of immunoglobulin containing cells in the nervous system.
        Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol. 1980; 6: 9-21
        • Felgenhauer K.
        Differentiation of the humoral immune response in inflammatory diseases of the CNS.
        J. Neurol. 1982; 228: 223-237
        • Frick E.
        • Scheid-Seydel L.
        Untersuchungen mit J131 Markiertem Albumin uber austausch Vorgänge zwischen Plasma und Liquor cerebrospinalis.
        Klin. Wochenschr. 1958; 36: 66-69
        • Frick E.
        • Scheid-Seydel L.
        Untersuchungen mit I131 markiertem Gamma-globulin zur Fraze der Abstammung der Liquor-eiweisskorper.
        Klin. Wochenschr. 1958; 36: 857-863

      20. Fryden, A., Link, H., and Norrby, E.: Cerebrospinal fluid and serum in immunoglobulin abnormalities and antibody titers in mumps, meningitis, and aseptic meningitis of other etiology. Infect. Immun., in press.

        • Fujinami R.S.
        • Oldstone M.B.A.
        Amino acid homology between the encephalitogenic site of myelin basic protein and virus: Mechanism for autoimmunity.
        Science. 1985; 230: 1043-1045
        • Gerson B.
        • Orr J.M.
        Oligoclonal bands and quantitation of IgG in cerebrospinal fluid as indicators of multiple sclerosis.
        Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 1980; 73: 87-91
        • Guseo A.
        • Jellinger K.
        The significance of perivascular infiltrations in multiple sclerosis.
        J. Neurol. 1975; 211: 51-60
        • Haase A.T.
        • Ventura P.
        • Gibbs C.J.
        • et al.
        Measles virus nucleotide sequences: Detection by hybridization in situ.
        Science. 1981; 212: 672
        • Haire M.
        • Frazer K.B.
        • Miller J.H.D.
        Measles and other virus-specific immunoglobulins in multiple sclerosis.
        Br. Med. J. 1973; 3: 612-615
        • Hershey L.A.
        • Trotter J.L.
        The use and abuse of the cerbrospinal fluid IgG profile in the adult: A practical evaluation.
        Ann. Neurol. 1980; 8: 426-434
        • Hochwald G.M.
        Influx of serum proteins and their concentration in spinal fluid along the neuraxis.
        J. Neurol. Sci. 1970; 10: 269-278
        • Hosein Z.Z.
        • Johnson K.P.
        Isoelectric focusing of cerebrospinal fluid proteins in the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis.
        Neurology. 1981; 31: 70-76
        • Jahnke U.
        • Fischer E.H.
        • Alvord E.L.
        Sequence homology between certain viral proteins and proteins related to encephalomyelitis and neuritis.
        Science. 1985; 229: 282-284
        • Johnson K.P.
        • Arrigo S.C.
        • Nelson B.J.
        • et al.
        Agarose electrophoresis of cerebrospinal fluid in multiple sclerosis.
        Neurology. 1977; 27: 273-277
        • Johnson K.P.
        • Nelson B.J.
        Multiple sclerosis: Diagnostic usefulness of cerebro spinal fluid.
        Ann. Neurol. 1977; 2: 425-431
        • Kabat E.A.
        • Glusman M.
        • Knaub V.
        Quantitative estimation of the albumin and gamma globulin in normal and pathologic cerebrospinal fluid by immunochemical methods.
        Am. J. Med. 1948; 4: 653-662
        • Kabat E.A.
        • Moore D.H.
        • Landow H.
        An electrophoretic study of the protein components in cerebrospinal fluid and their relationship to the serum proteins.
        J. Clin. Invest. 1942; 21: 571-577
        • Lamoreaux G.
        • Giard N.
        • Jolicoeur N.
        • et al.
        Immunological features in multiple scleorisis.
        Br. Med. J. 1976; 1: 183-186
        • Lampert P.W.
        Autoimmune and virus-induced demyelinating disease—a review.
        Am. J. Pathol. 1978; 91: 175-208
        • Lane J.R.
        • Bowles K.J.
        • Normanseil D.
        The detection of oligoclonal IgG bands in unconcentrated cerebrospinal fluid by isolectric focusing on thin-layer agarose gels and silver staining.
        Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 1986; 110: 26-29
        • Laterre E.C.
        • Callewaert A.
        • Heremans J.F.
        • et al.
        Electrophoretic morphology of gamma globulins in cerebrospinal fluid of multiple sclerosis and other diseases of the nervous system.
        Neurology. 1970; 20: 982-990
        • Laurell C.B.
        Electroimmunoassay.
        Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 1972; 29: 21
        • Laurenzi M.A.
        • Link H.
        Localization of the immunoglobulins G, A, and M, β trace protein and y trace protein on isoelectric focusing of serum and cerebrospinal fluid by immunofixation.
        Acta Neurol. Scand. 1978; 58: 141-147
        • Laurenzi M.A.
        • Link H.
        Comparison of agarose gel electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing in the demonstration of oligoclonal immunoglobulins in cerebrospinal fluid and serum.
        Acta Neurol. Scand. 1978; 58: 148-156
        • Laurenzi M.A.
        • Mavra M.
        • Kam Hansen S.
        • et al.
        Oligoclonal IgG and free light chains in multiple sclerosis demonstrated by thin layer polyacrylamide gel isoelectric focusing and immunofixation.
        Ann. Neurol. 1980; 8: 241-247
        • Lefrert A.K.
        • Link H.
        IgG production within the CNS: A critical review of proposed formulae.
        Ann. Neurol. 1985; 17: 13-20
        • Lehrich J.R.
        • Arnason B.G.W.
        Histocompatability types and viral antibodies.
        Arch. Neurol. 1976; 33: 404-406
        • Libikova H.
        • Heinz F.
        • Ujhazyova D.
        • et al.
        Orbiviruses of the Kemerovo complex and neurological diseases.
        Med. Microbiol. Immunol. (Berlin). 1978; 166: 255
        • Link H.
        Immunoglobulin G and low molecular weight proteins in human cerebrospinal fluid: Chemical and immunological characterization with special reference to multiple sclerosis.
        Acta Neurol. Scand. 1967; 43: 1-136
        • Link H.
        Oligoclonal immunoglobulin-G in multiple sclerosis brains.
        J. Neurol. Sci. 1972; 16: 103-114
        • Link H.
        Comparison of electrophoresis on agar gel and agarose in the evaluation of gammaglobulin abnormalities in cerebrospinal fluid and serum in multiple sclerosis.
        Clin. Chim. Acta. 1973; 46: 383-389
        • Link H.
        The immune response in human demyelinating disease.
        in: Palo J. Myelination and Demyelination. Plenum Publishing Corp., New York1978: 529-544
        • Link H.
        • Laurenzi M.A.
        Immunoglubulin class and light chain type of oligoclonal bands in cerebrospinal fluid in multiple sclerosis determined by agarose gel electrophoresis and immunofixation.
        Ann. Neurol. 1979; 6: 107-110
        • Link H.
        • Möller E.
        • Muller R.
        • et al.
        Immunoglobulin abnormalities in spinal fluid in multiple sclerosis.
        Acta Neurol. Scand. 1977; 55: 173-191
        • Link H.
        • Muller R.
        • Lund M.D.
        Immunoglobulins in multiple sclerosis and infections of the nervous system.
        Arch. Neurol. 1971; 25: 326-344
        • Link H.
        • Norrby E.
        • Olsson J.E.
        Immunoglobulins and measles antibodies in optic neuritis.
        N. Engl. J. Med. 1973; 289: 1103-1107
        • Link H.
        • Tibbling G.
        Principles of albumin and IgG analyses in neurological disorder: II. Relation of the concentration of the proteins in serum and cerebrospinal fluid.
        Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 1977; 37: 391-396
        • Link H.
        • Zetterval O.
        Multiple sclerosis: Disturbed kappadambda chain ratio of immunoglobulin G in cerebrospinal fluid.
        Clin. Exp. Immunol. 1970; 6: 435-438
        • Lippincott S.W.
        • Korman S.
        • Lax L.C.
        • et al.
        Transfer rates of gamma globulin between cerebrospinal fluid and blood plasma (results obtained on a series of multiple sclerosis patients).
        J. Nucl. Med. 1965; 6: 632-644
        • Lipton H.L.
        • Dal Canto M.C.
        Theiler’s virus-induced demyelination: Prevention by immunosuppression.
        Science. 1976; 192: 62-64
        • Livrea P.
        • Trojona M.
        • Simone I.L.
        • et al.
        Intrathecal IgG synthesis in multiple sclerosis: Comparison between isolectric focusing and quantitative estimation of cerebrospinal fluid immunoglobulin.
        J. Neurol. 1981; 224: 159-169
        • Luigi M.E.
        • Grimaldi M.D.
        • Roos R.P.
        Oligoclonal IgA bands in multiple sclerosis and SSPE.
        Neurology. 1985; 35: 813-817
        • Mattson D.H.
        • Roos R.P.
        • Arnason B.G.W.
        Isoelectric focusing of IgG eluted from multiple sclerosis and SSPE brains.
        Nature. 1980; 287: 335-337
        • McKay R.P.
        • Hirano A.
        Forms of benign multiple sclerosis: Report of two clinically silent cases discovered at autopsy.
        Arch. Neurol. 1967; 17: 588-600
        • Mingioli E.S.
        • Strober W.
        • Tourtellotte W.W.
        • et al.
        Quantitation of IgG, IgA, and IgM in the cerebrospinal fluid by radioimmunoassay.
        Neurology. 1978; 28: 991-995
        • Moriariu M.
        • Klutzow W.F.
        Subclinical multiple sclerosis.
        J. Neurol. 1976; 233: 71-76
        • Nagelkerken L.M.
        • Aalberse R.C.
        • Van Walbeek H.K.
        • et al.
        Preparation of antisera directed against the idiotypes of immunoglobulin G from the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with multiple sclerosis.
        J. Immunol. 1980; 125: 384-389
        • Nilsson K.
        • Olsson J.E.
        Analysis for cerebrospinal fluid proteins by isoelectric focusing of polyacrylamide gel: Methodological aspects and normal values, with special reference to alkaline region.
        Clin. Chem. 1978; 24: 1134-1139
        • Nordal H.J.
        • Vandvik B.
        • Norrby E.
        Oligoclonal virus antibodies in healthy and neurological patients.
        in: Karelier D. Lowenthal A. Strosberb A.D. Humoral Immunity in Neurological Diseases. Plenum Press, New York1979: 249-302
        • Norrby E.
        • Link H.
        • Olsson J.E.
        • et al.
        Comparison of antibodies against different viruses in cerebrospinal fluid and serum samples from patients with multiple sclerosis.
        Infect. Immunity. 1974; 30: 688-694
        • Olsson J.E.
        • Link H.
        • Muller R.
        Immunoglobulin abnormalities in multiple sclerosis: Relation to clinical parameters—disability duration and age of onset., J.
        Neurol. Sci. 1976; 27: 233-245
        • Palmer D.L.
        • Minard B.J.
        • Cawley L.P.
        IgG subgroups in cerebrospinal fluid in multiple sclerosis.
        N. Engl. J. Med. 1976; 294: 447-448
        • Pearl G.S.
        • Check I.J.
        • Hunter R.L.
        Agarose electrophoresis and immunonephelometric quantitation of cerebrospinal fluid immunoglobulins: Criteria for application in the diagnosis of neurologic disease.
        Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 1984; 81: 575-580
        • Perini J.M.
        • Lebas J.
        • Roussel P.
        • et al.
        Evidence for heterogeneous or incomplete immunoglobulins in oligoclonal cerebrospinal fluid studied by electroimmunofixation.
        Clin. Chim. Acta. 1979; 96: 205-214
        • Podgett B.L.
        • Walker D.L.
        Prevalence of antibodies in human sera against JC virus, and isolate from a case of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy.
        J. Infect. Dis. 1973; 127: 467-470
        • Prineas J.W.
        Pathology of the early lesion in multiple sclerosis.
        Hum. Pathol. 1975; 6: 531-534
        • Prineas J.W.
        • Wright R.B.
        Macrophages, lymphocytes, and plasma cells in the perivascular compartment in chronic multiple sclerosis.
        Lab. Invest. 1978; 38: 409-421
        • Righetti P.
        • Drysdale J.W.
        Isoelectric focusing in gels.
        J. Chromatogr. 1974; 98: 271-321

      75. Rosenthal, A., Funjinami, R. S., and Lampert, P. W.: Mechanism of Theiler’s virus induced demyelination in Nude mice. Lab. Invest., in press.

        • Ross C.A.C.
        • Lenman J.A.R.
        • Rutter C.
        Infective agents and multiple sclerosis.
        Br. Med. J. 1965; 1: 226-229
        • Rudick R.A.
        • Peter D.R.
        • Bidlack J.M.
        • et al.
        Multiple sclerosis: Free light chains in cerebrospinal fluid.
        Neurology. 1985; 35: 1443-14469
        • Salier J.P.
        • Goust J.M.
        • Pandey J.P.
        • et al.
        Preferential synthesis of the Glm(1) allotvpe of IgG1 in the CNS of multiple sclerosis patients.
        Science. 1981; 233: 1400-1402
        • Sandberg-Wollheim M.
        Immunoglobulin synthesis in vitro by cerebrospinal fluid cells in patients with multiple sclerosis.
        Scand. J. Immunol. 1974; 3: 717-730
        • Sandberg-Wollheim M.
        Optic neuritis: Studies on the cerebrospinal fluid in relation to clinical course in 61 patients.
        Acta Neurol. Scand. 1975; 52: 167-178
        • Schuller E.
        • Lefevre M.
        • Tampe L.
        Electroimmunodiffusion of alpha-2M IgA and IgM in nanogram quantities with hydroxy-ethyl cellulose-agarose gel: Application to the unconcentrated cerebrospinal fluid.
        Clin. Chem. Acta. 1972; 42: 5-13
        • Simpson J.F.
        • Tourtellotte W.W.
        • Kokmen E.
        • et al.
        Fluorescent protein tracing on multiple sclerosis brain tissue.
        Arch. Neurol. 1969; 20: 373-377
        • Stendahl-Brodin L.
        • Link H.
        Relation between benign course of multiple sclerosis and low grade humoral immune response in cerebrospinal fluid.
        J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 1980; 43: 102-105
        • Stendahl-Brodin I.
        • Kristensson L.
        • Link H.
        Myelinotoxic activity on tadpole optic nerve of IgG isolated from cerebrospinal fluid and serum of patients with multiple sclerosis.
        Neurology. 1981; 31: 100-102
        • Tabira T.
        • Webster H. de F.
        • Wray S.H.
        Multiple sclerosis cerebrospinal fluid produces myelin lesions in tadpole optic nerves.
        N. Engl. J. Med. 1976; 295: 644-649
        • Tachovsky T.G.
        • Sandberg-Wollheim M.
        • Baird L.G.
        Cerebrospinal fluid IgG characterization of antiidiotype antibodies produced against multiple sclerosis cerebrospinal fluid and detection of cross reactive idiotypes in several multiple slcerosis cerebrospinal fluid.
        J. Immunol. 1982; 129: 764-770
        • Takeoha T.
        • Shinohara Y.
        • Furumi K.
        • et al.
        Impairment of blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier in multiple sclerosis.
        J. Neurochem. 1983; 41: 1102-1108
        • Thompson E.L.
        Laboratory diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: Immunological and biochemical aspects.
        Br. Med. Bull. 1977; 33: 28-33
        • Tourtellotte W.W.
        Cerebrospinal fluid in multiple sclerosis.
        in: Vinken P.J. Bruyn G.W. Handbook of Clinical Neurology. North-Holland Publ. Co., Amsterdam1970: 324-383
        • Tourtellotte W.W.
        On cerebrospinal fluid IgG quotients in multiple sclerosis and other diseases. A review and a new formula to estimate the amount of IgG synthesized per day by the CNS.
        J. Neurol. Sci. 1970; 10: 279-304
        • Tourtellotte W.W.
        What is multiple sclerosis? Laboratory criteria for diagnosis.
        in: Davidson A.N. Humphrey J.H. Liversedge A.L. Multiple Sclerosis Research. Elsevier Scientific Publ. Co., New York1975: 9-26
        • Tourtellotte W.W.
        • Booe I.M.
        Multiple sclerosis: The blood brain barrier and the measurement of de novo CNS IgG synthesis.
        Neurology. 1978; 28: 76-83
        • Tourtellotte W.W.
        • Itabushi H.H.
        • Parker J.A.
        Multifocal areas of synthesis of IgG in multiple sclerosis brain tissue and the sink action of the cerebrospinal fluid.
        Trans. Am. Neurol. Assoc. 1967; 92: 288-290
        • Tourtellotte W.W.
        • Ma B.I.
        Multiple sclerosis: The blood brain barrier and the measurement of de novo CNS IgG synthesis.
        Neurology. 1978; 28 (Part 2): 76-83
        • Tourtellotte W.W.
        • Ma B.I.
        • Brandes D.B.
        • et al.
        Quantification of de novo CNS IgG measles antibody suynthesis in SSPE.
        Ann. Neurol. 1981; 9: 551-556
        • Tourtellotte W.W.
        • Potvin A.R.
        • Fleming J.O.
        Multiple sclerosis: Measurement and validation of CNS IgG synthesis rate.
        Neurology. 1980; 30: 240-244
        • Tourtellotte W.W.
        • Potvin A.R.
        • Ma B.I.
        • et al.
        Isotachophoresis quantitation of subfractions of multiple sclerosis intrablood-brain barrier IgG synthesis modulated by ACTH and/or steroids.
        Neurology. 1982; 32: 261-266
        • Tourtellotte W.W.
        • Tavolato B.
        • Parker J.A.
        • et al.
        Cerebrospinal fluid electroim munodiffusion.
        Arch. Neurol. 1971; 25: 345-350
        • Tschirgi I.D.
        Chemical environment of the CNS.
        in: Field J. Magoun H.W. Hall V.E. Handbook of Physiology. (Section 1: Neurophysiology). Volume 3. American Physiological Society, Washington D. C.1960
        • Vandvik B.
        • Natrig J.B.
        • Wiger B.
        IgG1 sublcass restriction of oligoclonal IgG from CSF’s and brain extracts in patients with multiple sclerosis and subacute encephalitides.
        Scand. J. Immunol. 1976; 5: 427-436
        • Vandvik B.
        • Norrby E.
        Oligoclonal IgG antibody response in the CNS to different measles virus antigen in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis.
        Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1973; 70: 1060-1063
        • Vandvik B.
        • Norrby E.
        • Nordal H.K.
        • et al.
        Oligoclonal measles virus-specific IgG antibodies isolated from ceebrospinal fluid brain extracts and sera from patients with SSPE and multiple sclerosis.
        Scand. J. Immunol. 1976; 5: 979-992
        • Vandvik B.
        • Shrede S.
        Electrophoretic examination of cerebrospinal fluid in multiple sclerosis and other neurological diseases.
        Eur. Neurol. 1973; 9: 224-241
        • Vartdal F.
        • Vandvik B.
        Multiple sclerosis: Electrofocused “bands” of oligoclonal cerebrospinal fluid IgG do not carry antibody activity against measles, varicella zoster, or rotaviruses.
        J. Neurol. Sci. 1982; 54: 99-107
        • Vartdal F.
        • Vandvik B.
        • Michaelsen T.C.
        • et al.
        Neurosyphilis: Intrathecal synthesis of oligoclonal antibodies to Treponema pallidum.
        Ann. Neurol. 1982; 11: 35-40
        • Vartdal F.
        • Vandvik B.
        • Norrby E.
        Viral and bacterial antibody responses in multiple sclerosis.
        Ann. Neurol. 1980; 8: 248-255
        • Waksmann B.H.
        The importance of IgA in nonmucosal immune responses.
        Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1983; 409: 22-24
        • Williams A.C.
        • Mingioli E.S.
        • McFarland H.F.
        • et al.
        Increased cerebrospinal fluid IgM in multiple sclerosis.
        Neurology. 1978; 28: 996-998
        • Yahr M.D.
        • Goldensohn S.S.
        • Kabat E.A.
        Further studies on the gamma globulin content of cerebrospinal fluid in multiple sclerosis and other neurological diseases.
        Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1954; 58: 613-624
        • Zettervall O.
        • Link H.
        Electrophoretic distribution of kappa and lambda immunoglobulin light chain determinants in serum and cerebrospinal fluid in multiple sclerosis.
        Clin. Exp. Immunol. 1979; 7: 365-372

      Article info

      Identification

      DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-2712(18)30793-5

      Copyright

      © 1986 Elsevier Inc. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

      ScienceDirect

      Access this article on ScienceDirect

      The content on this site is intended for healthcare professionals.


      We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content. To update your cookie settings, please visit the Cookie Preference Center for this site.
      Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. except certain content provided by third parties.


      RELX