Advertisement
Research Article| Volume 6, ISSUE 3, P403-426, September 1986

Electrophoretic Techniques in Today’s Clinical Laboratory

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-2712(18)30790-X
Electrophoretic Techniques in Today’s Clinical Laboratory
Previous ArticleForeword
Next ArticlePotential Problems in Serum Protein Electrophoresis
      This paper is only available as a PDF. To read, Please Download here.
      This article reviews commercially available electrophoresis methods and instrumentation for clinical laboratory use. The most common electrophoresis support media found in the clinical laboratory today are cellulose acetate and agarose gel. The greater resolution found in agarose, coupled with newer techniques such as immunofixation, makes protein electrophoresis a very valuable and cost-effective tool.
      To read this article in full you will need to make a payment

      Purchase one-time access:

      Academic & Personal: 24 hour online accessCorporate R&D Professionals: 24 hour online access
      One-time access price info
      • For academic or personal research use, select 'Academic and Personal'
      • For corporate R&D use, select 'Corporate R&D Professionals'

      Subscribers receive full online access to your subscription and archive of back issues up to and including 2002.

      Content published before 2002 is available via pay-per-view purchase only.

      Subscribe:

      Subscribe to Clinics in Laboratory Medicine
      Already a print subscriber? Claim online access
      Already an online subscriber? Sign in
      Register: Create an account
      Institutional Access: Sign in to ScienceDirect

      References

        • Aguzzi F.
        More on alpha1-globulin zone-splitting phenomenon.
        Clin. Chem. 1980; 26: 783
        • Aguzzi F.
        • Jayakar S.
        • Merlini G.
        • Petrini C.
        Electrophoresis: Cellulose acetate vs. agarose gel, visual inspection vs. densitometry.
        Clin. Chem. 1981; 27: 1944
        • Aguzzi F.
        • Poggi N.
        • Chiara T.
        Interpretation of serum protein electrophoresis (possibilities offered by the techniques of immunofixation electrophoresis and immunosubtraction electrophoresis).
        Ric. Clin. Lab. 1978; 1: 171
        • Alfonso E.
        Quantitative Immunoelectrophoresis of serum proteins.
        Clin. Chim. Acta. 1964; 10: 114-122
        • Alper C.A.
        Plasma protein measurements as a diagnostic aid.
        N. Engl. J. Med. 1974; 291: 287
        • Alper C.A.
        • Johnson A.M.
        Immunofixation electrophoresis: A technique for the study of protein polymorphism.
        Vox Sang. 1969; 17: 445-452
        • Asseo P.P.
        • Tracopoulos G.D.
        Orosomucoid, Alpha2-macroglobulin and immunoglobulin in serum and pleural effusions.
        Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 1981; 76: 437
        • Bachmann R.
        The diagnostic significance of the serum concentration of pathological proteins (M-components).
        Acta Med. Scand. 1965; 178: 801
        • Bing D.H.
        The Chemistry and Physiology of the Human Plasma Proteins.
        Pergamon Press, New York1979
        • Brouet J.C.
        • Clauvel J.P.
        • Danon F.
        • et al.
        Biologic and clinical significance of cryoglobulins: A report of 86 cases.
        Am. J. Med. 1974; 57: 775
        • Burke M.D.
        • Deaton C.D.
        • Jolliff C.R.
        Rapid thin layer agarose electrophoretic system for separation of proteins.
        Clin. Chem. 1981; 27: 1044
        • Carrell R.W.
        • Colls B.M.
        • Murray J.T.
        The significance of monoclonal gammopathy in a normal population.
        Aust. N. Z. J. Med. 1971; 1: 398
        • Cawley L.P.
        • Minard B.J.
        • Tourtellotte W.W.
        • et al.
        Immunofixation electrophoretic techniques applied to identification of proteins in serum and cerebrospinal fluid.
        Clin. Chem. 1976; 22: 1262
        • Dammacco F.
        • Waldenstrom J.
        Bence-Jones proteinuria in benign monoclonal gammopathies. Incidence and Characteristics.
        Acta Med. Scand. 1968; 184: 403
        • Daniels J.C.
        • Larson D.L.
        • Abston S.
        • Ritzman S.E.
        Serum protein profiles in thermal burns. II. Protease inhibitors, complement factors and C-reactive proteins.
        J. Trauma. 1974; 14: 153
        • Doolittle R.F.
        Fibrinogen and fibrin.
        in: Putnam F.W. The Plasma Proteins. Edition 2. Volume 2. Academic Press, New York1975: 110
        • Elevitch F.R.
        • Aronson S.B.
        • Feichtmeier T.V.
        • Enterline M.L.
        Thin gel electrophoresis in agarose.
        Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 1966; 46: 692
        • Endo T.
        • Okumora H.
        • Kikuchi K.
        • et al.
        Immunoglobulin E(IgE) multiple myeloma: A case report and review of the literature.
        Am. J. Med. 1981; 71: 1127
        • Fischer C.L.
        • Gill C.
        • Forrester M.G.
        • Nakamura R.
        Quantitation of “acutephase proteins” postoperatively. Value in detection and better monitoring of complication.
        Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 1976; 66: 840
        • Ford H.C.
        • Casey B.R.
        • Walker S.
        • Mason A.
        Multiple myeloma with an IgD kappa monoclonal protein.
        Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 1980; 74: 105

      21. Franklin, E. C.: Immunopathology of the amyloid diseases. Hosp. Pract., pp. 70–77, September 1980.

        • Fudenberg H.H.
        • Virella G.
        Multiple myeloma and Waldenstrom macroglobuli-nemia and unusual presentations.
        Semin. Hematol. 1980; 1: 63
        • Gallango M.L.
        • Svinga R.
        • Ramirez M.
        Bence-Jones myeloma with a tetramer of kappa-type globulin in serum.
        Clin. Chem. 1980; 26: 1741
        • Garrison C.P.
        • Deegan M.J.
        • Conn R.B.
        Undetected IgM paraproteins on serum protein electrophoresis.
        Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 1981; 74: 553
        • Gerson B.
        • LaBrie J.
        • Copeland B.E.
        Immunofixation on thin-layer agarose.
        Clin. Chem. 1979; 25: 197
        • Gerson B.
        • Orr J.
        Oligoclonal bands and quantitation of IgG in cerebrospinal fluid as indicators of multiple sclerosis.
        Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 1980; 73: 87-91

      27. Gewürz, H.: Biology of CRP: C-reactive protein and the acute phase response. Hosp. Pract., pp. 67–81, June 1982.

        • Gorus F.
        • Aelbrecht W.
        • VanCamp B.
        Circulating IgG-LD complex, dissociable by addition ofNAD-K Clin.
        Chem. 1982; 28: 236
        • Haurowitz F.
        The Chemistry and Function of Proteins.
        Edition 2. Academic Press, New York1983
        • Irjala L.
        • Rajamaki A.
        Simple immunofixation modification: A practical way to identify monoclonal protein fractions.
        Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 1979; 39: 277-278
        • Jeppson J.O.
        • Laurell C.B.
        Agarose gel electrophoresis.
        Clin. Chem. 1979; 25: 629
        • Jeppson J.O.
        • Laurell C.B.
        • Fagerhol M.
        Properties of isolated human alpha1-antitrypsins of Pi types M, S, and 2.
        Eur. J. Biochem. 1978; 33: 143
        • Johnson A.M.
        Immunofixation following electrophoresis or isoelectric focusing for identification and phenotyping of proteins.
        Ann. Clin. Lab. Sci. 1978; 3: 195
        • Johnson A.M.
        Genetic typing of alphai-antitrypsin by immunofixation electrophoresis. Identification of sub-type Pi M.
        J. Lab. Clin. Med. 1976; 37: 152
        • Jolliff C.R.
        The Immunoglobulins—IgG, IgA, IgM.
        Beckman monograph #ICS-II, Brea, California1980
        • Jolliff C.R.
        • Hergenrader P.L.
        • Burke M.
        • et al.
        Value of an agarose system for protein electrophoreis in the chemistry profile.
        Clin. Chem. 1982; 23: 1567
        • Jolliff C.R.
        • Cost K.M.
        • Stivrins P.C.
        • et al.
        Reference intervals for serum IgG, IgA, IgM, C3 and C4 as determined by rate nephrelometry.
        Clin. Chem. 1982; 28: 126
        • Karinkanta H.H.
        • Nieminer E.J.
        An improved technique for immunofixation of electrophoretograms.
        Clin. Chem. 1978; 24: 1639

      39. Killingsworth, L. M.: Guide to plasma protein interpretations, 3rd revised edition. Spokane Sacred Heart Med. Ctr., March 1978.

        • Killingsworth L.M.
        The role of high resolution electrophoresis in the clinical evaluation of protein status.
        Worthington Diagnostics, Freehold, New Jersey1981
        • Kusher I.
        • Volanakis J.
        • Gewürz H.
        CRP and the Plasma Protein Response to Tissue Injury: A Symposium.
        Volume 389. New York Academy of Sciences, New York1982
        • Kyle R.A.
        • Maldonado J.E.
        • Bayrd E.D.
        Plasma cell leukemia: Report on 17 cases.
        Arch. Intern. Med. 1974; 133: 813
        • Kyle R.A.
        Multiple myeloma.
        Mayo Clin. Proc. 1975; 50: 29
        • Kyle R.A.
        • Greipp P.R.
        The laboratory investigation of monoclonal gammopathies.
        Mayo Clin. Proc. 1978; 53: 719
        • Kyle R.A.
        Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance.
        Am. J. Med. 1978; 64: 814
        • Kyle R.A.
        • Greipp P.R.
        Smoldering multiple myeloma.
        N. Engl. J. Med. 1980; 302: 1347
        • Kyle R.A.
        • Osserman E.F.
        • Popac R.
        When you suspect multiple myeloma.
        Patient Care. 1980; 14: 12-49
        • Kyle R.A.
        • Greipp P.R.
        • Banks P.M.
        The diverse picture of gamma heavy-chain disease: Report of seven cases and review of literature.
        Mayo Clin. Proc. 1981; 56: 439
        • Kyle R.A.
        • Robinson R.A.
        • Katzman J.A.
        The clinical aspects of biclonal gammopathies: Review of 57 cases.
        Am. J. Med. 1981; 71: 999
        • Kyle R.A.
        • Greipp P.R.
        “Idiopathic” Bence-Jones proteinuria: Long-term followup in seven patients.
        N. Engl. J. Med. 1982; 306: 564
        • L’Hoste Jr., R.J.
        • Fillipa D.A.
        • Lieberman P.H.
        • et al.
        Primary pulmonary lymphomas: A clinicopathologic analysis of 36 cases.
        Cancer. 1984; 54: 1397-1406
        • Marshall M.O.
        Comparison of immunofixation and Immunoelectrophoresis methods in the identification of monoclonal immunoglobulins in serum.
        Clin. Chim. Acta. 1980; 104: 1
        • McLean R.H.
        • Weinstein A.
        • Chapitis J.
        • et al.
        Familial partial deficiency of the third component of the complement (C3) and the hypocomplementemic cutaneous vasculitis syndrome.
        Am. J. Med. 1980; 68: 549
        • Merlini G.
        • Piro P.
        • Pavēsi F.
        • et al.
        Detection and identification of monoclonal components: Immunoelectrophoresis on agarose gel and immunofixation on cellulose acetate compared.
        Clin. Chem. 1981; 21: 1862
        • Michaux J.L.
        • Heremans J.F.
        Thirty cases of monoclonal immunoglobulin disorders other than myeloma or macroglobulinemia.
        Am. J. Med. 1969; 46: 562
        • Nakamura R.M.
        Immunopathology—Clinical Laboratory Concepts and Methods.
        Little, Brown & Co., Boston1974
        • Papadopoulos N.M.
        • Elin R.J.
        • Wilson D.M.
        Incidence of gammaglobulin banding in a healthy population by high-resolution electrophoresis.
        Clin. Chem. 1982; 28: 707-708
        • Papadopoulos N.M.
        • Lane H.C.
        • Costello R.
        • et al.
        Oligoclonal immunoglobulins in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
        Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol. 1985; 35: 43-46
        • Pascali E.
        • Pezzoli A.
        • Chiarandini A.
        Immunofixation: Application to the identification of “difficult” monoclonal components.
        Clin. Chem. 1982; 28: 1404
        • Pedersen N.S.
        • Axelsen M.H.
        Detection of M-components by an easy immunofixation procedure: Comparison with agarose gel electrophoresis and classical Immunoelectrophoresis.
        J. Immunol. Methods. 1979; 30: 257-262
        • Penn G.M.
        Clinical Use and Interpretation of Agarose Gel Electrophoretic Patterns.
        American Society of Clinical Pathologists, Chicago1981
        • Putnam F.W.
        The Plasma Proteins: Structure, Function and Genetic Control.
        Volumes I, II, and III. Academic Press, New York1978
        • Ritchie R.F.
        What abnormal serum proteins may indicate.
        Patient Care. 1974; 8: 95-103
        • Ritchie R.F.
        • Smith R.
        Immunofixation: I—General principles and application of agarose gel electrophoresis.
        Clin. Chem. 1976; 22: 497
        • Ritchie R.F.
        • Smith R.
        Immunofixation: II—Application to typing of alpha1-antitrypsin at acid pH (SN).
        Clin. Chem. 1976; 22: 1735
        • Ritchie R.F.
        • Smith R.
        Immunofixation: III—Application to the typing of monoclonal proteins.
        Clin. Chem. 1976; 2: 1982
        • Ritchie R.F.
        Specific proteins.
        in: Henry J.B. Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods. W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia1979
        • Ritzmann S.E.
        • Loukas D.
        • Sokai H.
        • et al.
        Idiopathioc (asymptomatic) monoclonal gammopathies.
        Arch. Intern. Med. 1975; 135: 95
        • Rosenfeld L.
        Serum protein electrophoresis: A comparison of the use of thin-layer agarose gel and cellulose acetate.
        Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 1974; 62: 702-706
        • Rowland L.P.
        Looking for the cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
        N. Engl. J. Med. 1984; 311 (editorial): 979
        • Schur P.H.
        Immune complexes.
        Clin. Immunol. News Letter. 1982; 3: 75
        • Shuller E.
        • Dohoche G.
        • Deasnere N.
        • et al.
        Oligoclonal aspects in the CSF of multiple sclerosis patients: A statistical and pathophysiological study.
        Acta Neurol. Scand. 1977; 55: 207-216
        • Soloman A.
        Bence-Jones proteins: Malignant or benign?.
        N. Engl. J. Med. 1982; 306: 605
        • Tubbs R.R.
        • Gephardt G.
        • McMahon J.T.
        • et al.
        Light chain nephropathy.
        Am. 1. Med. 1981; 71: 263
        • Vanduik B.
        • Skrede S.
        Electrophoretic examination of cerebrospinal fluid proteins in multiple sclerosis and other neurological diseases.
        Eur. Neurol. 1973; 9: 224-241
        • Virella G.
        Screening for polymeric IgM: Some overlooked history.
        Clin. Chem. 1980; 26: 533
        • Ward A.
        • Whicher J.
        Immunochemistry in Clinical Laboratory Medicine.
        University Park Press, Baltimore1979
        • Whicher J.T.
        • Hawkins L.
        • Higginson J.
        Clinical applications of immunofixation: A more sensitive technique for the detection of Bence Jones protein.
        J. Clin. Pathol. 1980; 33: 779-780
        • White W.
        Chemistry for the Clinical Laboratory.
        C. V. Mosby, St. Louis1976: 531
        • Wilson A.T.
        Direct Immunoelectrophoresis.
        J. Immunology. 1964; 92: 431-434
        • Wolf P.L.
        • Griffiths J.C.
        • Koett J.W.
        Interpretation of Electrophoretic Patterns of Proteins and Isoenzymes: A Clinical Pathologic Guide.
        Masson Pub. USA, Inc., New York1981
        • Zarrabi M.H.
        • Stark R.S.
        • Kane P.
        • et al.
        IgM myeloma: A distinct entity in the spectrum of B-cell neoplasia.
        Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 1981; 75: 1

      Article info

      Identification

      DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-2712(18)30790-X

      Copyright

      © 1986 Elsevier Inc. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

      ScienceDirect

      Access this article on ScienceDirect
      We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content. To update your cookie settings, please visit the for this site.
      Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. except certain content provided by third parties. The content on this site is intended for healthcare professionals.


      RELX