Advertisement
Research Article| Volume 12, ISSUE 3, P553-576, September 1992

Maternal Immunity to Red Cell Antigens and Fetal Transfusion

  • Joan W. Gibble
    Correspondence
    Address reprint requests to: Joan W. Gibble, MD, American Red Cross, 4700 Mount Hope Drive, Baltimore, MD 21215
    Affiliations
    From the American Red Cross, Chesapeake and Potomac Regional Blood Services, Baltimore, Maryland
    Search for articles by this author
  • Paul M. Ness
    Affiliations
    From the American Red Cross, Chesapeake and Potomac Regional Blood Services, Baltimore, Maryland

    The Blood Bank, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
    Search for articles by this author
DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-2712(18)30505-5
Maternal Immunity to Red Cell Antigens and Fetal Transfusion
Previous ArticleLaboratory Diagnosis of Fetal Infections
Next ArticleNeonatal Alloimmune Thrombocytopenia
      This paper is only available as a PDF. To read, Please Download here.
      This article presents a review of developments in the prevention and treatment of maternal alloimmunization in the last decade. The importance of aggressive immunoprophylaxis is reviewed in light of continued failure to administer immunoprophylaxis in indicated situations. The spectrum of anti-D alloimmunization and alloimmimization to other red cell antigens is reviewed, and the important features of alloantibodies resulting in hemolytic disease of the newborn are discussed. New methods of monitoring the alloimmunized pregnancy, including monocyte monolayer assays, ultrasound, and direct fetal blood sampling are detailed. Finally, methods of treatment including plasma exchange, fetal umbilical cord transfusion, intravenous immunoglobulin, and promethazine hydrochloride are reviewed in detail.
      To read this article in full you will need to make a payment

      Purchase one-time access:

      Academic & Personal: 24 hour online accessCorporate R&D Professionals: 24 hour online access
      One-time access price info
      • For academic or personal research use, select 'Academic and Personal'
      • For corporate R&D use, select 'Corporate R&D Professionals'

      Subscribers receive full online access to your subscription and archive of back issues up to and including 2002.

      Content published before 2002 is available via pay-per-view purchase only.

      Subscribe:

      Subscribe to Clinics in Laboratory Medicine
      Already a print subscriber? Claim online access
      Already an online subscriber? Sign in
      Register: Create an account
      Institutional Access: Sign in to ScienceDirect

      References

        • Ananth U.
        • Queenan J.T.
        Does mid-trimester ΔOD450 of amniotic fluid reflect severity of Rh disease?.
        Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1989; 161: 47
        • Barclay G.R.
        • Greiss M.A.
        • Urbaniak S.J.
        Adverse effect of plasma exchange on anti-D production in rhesus immunisation owing to removal of inhibitory factors.
        Br Med J. 1980; 280: 1569
        • Barss V.A.
        • Benacerraf B.R.
        • Frigoletto F.D.
        • et al.
        Management of isoimmunized pregnancy by use of intravascular techniques.
        Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1988; 159: 932
        • Baskett T.F.
        • Parsons M.L.
        Prevention of Rh(D) alloimmunization: A cost-benefit analysis.
        Can Med Assoc J. 1990; 142: 337
        • Bennebroek Gravenhorst J.
        Management of serious alloimmunization in pregnancy.
        Vox Sang. 1988; 55: 1
        • Berger H.M.
        • Lindeman J.H.N.
        • van Zoeren-Grobben D.
        • et al.
        Iron overload, free radical damage, and rhesus haemolytic disease.
        Lancet. 1990; 335: 933
        • Berkowitz R.L.
        • Chitkara U.
        • Wilkins I.
        • et al.
        Technical aspects of intravascular transfusions: Lessons learned from thirty-three procedures.
        Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1987; 157: 4
        • Berkowitz R.L.
        • Chitkara U.
        • Wilkins I.
        • et al.
        Intravascular monitoring and management of erythroblastosis fetalis.
        Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1988; 158: 783
        • Berlin G.
        • Selbing A.
        • Ryden G.
        Rhesus haemolytic disease treated with high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin.
        Lancet. 1985; i (1): 153
        • Bevis D.C.A.
        Blood pigments in haemolytic disease of the newborn.
        J Obstet Gynaecol Br Emp. 1956; 63: 68
        • Bilardo C.M.
        • Nicolaides K.H.
        • Campbell S.
        Doppler studies in red cell isoimmunization.
        Clin Obstet Gynecol. 1989; 32: 719
        • Bowell P.
        • Wainscoat J.S.
        • Peto T.E.A.
        • et al.
        Maternal anti-D concentrations and outcome in rhesus haemolytic disease of the newborn.
        Br Med J. 1982; 285: 327
        • Bowman J.M.
        The management of Rh-isoimmunization.
        Obstet Gynecol. 1978; 52: 1
        • Bowman J.M.
        Controversies in Rh prophylaxis: Who needs Rh immune globulin and when should it be given?.
        Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1985; 151: 289
        • Bowman J.M.
        • Chown B.
        • Lewis M.
        • et al.
        Rh isoimmunization during pregnancy: Antenatal prophylaxis.
        Can Med Assoc J. 1978; 118: 623
        • Bowman J.M.
        • Harman F.A.
        • Manning C.R.
        • et al.
        Erythroblastosis fetalis produced by anti-k.
        Vox Sang. 1989; 56: 187
        • Bowman J.M.
        • Manning F.A.
        • Harman C.R.
        Alloimmunization and intravenous drug abuse.
        Can Med Assoc J. 1990; 142: 439
        • Bowman J.M.
        • Peddle L.J.
        • Anderson C.
        Plasmapheresis in severe Rh iso-immunization.
        Vox Sang. 1968; 15: 272
        • Bowman J.M.
        • Pollock J.M.
        Amniotic fluid spectrophotometry and early delivery in the management of erythroblastosis fetalis.
        Pediatrics. 1965; 35: 815
        • Brouwers H.A.A.
        • Overbeeke M.A.M.
        • Huiskes E.
        • et al.
        Complement is not activated in ABO-haemolytic disease of the newborn.
        Br J Haematol. 1988; 68: 363
        • Brouwers H.A.A.
        • Overbeeke M.A.M.
        • Ouwehand W.H.
        • et al.
        Maternal antibodies against fetal blood group antigens A or B: Lytic activity of IgG subclasses in monocyte-driven cytotoxicity and correlation with ABO haemolytic disease of the newborn.
        Br J Haematol. 1988; 70: 465
        • Carreras L.O.
        • Perez G.N.
        • Vega H.R.
        • et al.
        Lupus anticoagulant and recurrent fetal loss: Successful treatment with gamma globulin.
        Lancet. 1988; 11: 393
        • Carreras Vescio L.A.
        • Castro R.A.
        Complement is not activated in ABO-hemolytic disease of the newborn: Further support.
        Vox Sang. 1990; 58: 231
        • Charles A.G.
        • Blumenthal L.S.
        Promethazine hydrochloride therapy in severely Rh-sensi-tized pregnancies.
        Obstet Gynecol. 1982; 60: 627
        • Chavez G.F.
        • Mulinare J.
        • Edmonds L.D.
        Epidemiology of Rh hemolytic disease of the newborn in the United States.
        JAMA. 1991; 265: 3270
        • Chessells J.M.
        • Wigglesworth J.S.
        Haemostatic failure in babies with rhesus isoimmunisation.
        Arch Dis Child. 1971; 46: 38
        • Chitkara U.
        • Bussel J.
        • Alvarez M.
        • et al.
        High-dose intravenous gamma globulin: Does it have a role in the treatment of severe erythroblastosis fetalis?.
        Obstet Gynecol. 1990; 76: 703
        • Clarke C.A.
        The anatomy of discovery. Preventing rhesus babies: the Liverpool research and follow up.
        Arch Dis Child. 1989; 64: 1734
        • Clarke C.A.
        • Bradley J.
        • Elson C.J.
        • et al.
        Intensive plasmapheresis as a therapeutic measure in rhesus-immunised women.
        Lancet. 1970; i: 793
        • Clarke C.A.
        • Donohoe W.T.A.
        • McConnell R.B.
        • et al.
        Further experimental studies on the prevention of Rh haemolytic disease.
        Br Med J. 1963; i: 979
        • Clarke C.A.
        • Mollison P.L.
        • Whitfield A.G.W.
        Deaths from rhesus haemolytic disease in England and Wales in 1982 and 1983.
        Br Med J. 1985; 291: 17
        • Cook S.G.
        • Baker J.W.
        • Weaver E.W.
        Intrauterine transfusion for anti-Duffy (Fya) haemolytic disease.
        Aust NZ J Obstet Gynaecol. 1989; 29: 263
        • Copel J.A.
        • Grannum P.A.
        • Belanger K.
        • et al.
        Pulsed Doppler flow-velocity wave forms before and after intrauterine intravascular transfusion for severe erythroblastosis fetalis.
        Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1988; 158: 768
        • Dayton V.D.
        • Anderson D.S.
        • Crosson J.T.
        • et al.
        A case of Rh isoimmunization: Should threatened first-trimester abortion be an indication for Rh immune globulin prophylaxis?.
        Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1990; 163: 63
        • de la Cámara C.
        • Arrieta R.
        • González A.
        • et al.
        High-dose intravenous immunoglobulin as the sole prenatal treatment for severe Rh immunization [letter].
        N Engl J Med. 1988; 318: 519
        • Desjardins L.
        • Chintu C.
        • Zipursky A.
        The spectrum of ABO hemolytic disease of the newborn infant.
        J Pediatr. 1979; 95: 447
        • Deveny T.C.
        • Lenke R.R.
        Efficacy of management of isoimmunization with fetal umbilical blood sampling remains unproved [letter].
        Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1990; 162: 297
        • Dufour D.R.
        • Monoghan W.P.
        ABO hemolytic disease of the newborn: A retrospective analysis of 254 cases.
        Am J Clin Pathol. 1980; 73: 369
        • Duguid J.K.M.
        • Bromilow I.M.
        Haemolytic disease of the newborn due to anti-k.
        Vox Sang. 1990; 58: 69
        • Duhring J.L.
        Have Liley charts outlived their usefulness [letter]?.
        Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1987; 157: 1011
        • Eklund J.
        • Jouppila P.
        • Seppäläl I.J.T.
        IgG subclasses of anti-Rh(D) and haemolytic disease of the newborn.
        Vox Sang. 1988; 55: 51
        • Feldman N.
        • Skoll A.
        • Sibai B.
        The incidence of significant fetomatemal hemorrhage in patients undergoing cesarean section.
        Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1990; 163: 855
        • Filbey D.
        • Berseus O.
        • Lindeberg S.
        • et al.
        A management programme for Rh alloimmunization during pregnancy.
        Early Hum Dev. 1987; 15: 11
        • Finn R.
        • Clarke C.A.
        • Donohoe W.T.A.
        • et al.
        Experimental studies on the prevention of Rh haemolytic disease.
        Br Med J. 1961; 1: 1486
        • Finne P.H.
        Erythropoietin levels in cord blood as an indicator of intrauterine hypoxia.
        Acta Paediatr Scand. 1966; 55: 478
        • Fisher M.
        Acute Rh isoimmunization following abdominal trauma associated with late abruption placenta.
        Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 1989; 68: 657
        • Fraser I.D.
        • Bennett M.O.
        • Bothamley J.E.
        • et al.
        Intensive antenatal plasmapheresis in severe rhesus isoimmunization.
        Lancet. 1976; i: 6
        • Freda V.J.
        • Gorman J.G.
        • Pollack W.
        Successful prevention of experimental Rh sensitization in man with an anti-Rh gamma2-globulin antibody preparation: A preliminary report.
        Transfusion. 1964; 4: 26
        • Frigoletto F.D.
        • Greene M.F.
        • Benacerraf B.R.
        • et al.
        Ultrasonographic fetal surveillance in the management of isoimmunized pregnancy.
        N Engl J Med. 1986; 315: 430
        • Galligan B.R.
        • Cairns R.
        • Schifano J.V.
        • et al.
        Preparation of packed red cells suitable for intravascular transfusion in utero.
        Transfusion. 1989; 29: 179
        • Graham-Pole J.
        • Barr W.
        • Willoughby M.L.N.
        Continuous-flow plasmapheresis in management of severe rhesus disease.
        Br Med J. 1977; i (1): 185
        • Grannum P.A.T.
        • Copel J.A.
        Prevention of Rh isoimmunization and treatment of the compromised fetus.
        Semin Perinatol. 1988; 12: 324
        • Griffin D.
        • Cohen-Overbeek T.
        • Campbell S.
        Fetal and uteroplacental blood flow.
        Clin Obstet Gynecol. 1983; 10: 565
        • Gusdon J.P.
        The treatment of erythroblastosis with promethazine hydrochloride.
        J Re-prod Med. 1981; 26: 454
        • Gusdon J.P.
        • Caudle M.R.
        • Herbst G.A.
        • et al.
        Phagocytosis and erythroblastosis. I. Modification of the neonatal response by promethazine hydrochloride.
        Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1976; 125: 224
        • Gusdon J.P.
        • Witherow C.
        Possible ameliorating effects of erythroblastosis by promethazine hydrochloride.
        Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1973; 117: 1101
        • Hadley A.
        • Kmpl B.
        • Leader K.
        • et al.
        Correlation of serological quantitative and cell-mediated functional assays of maternal alloantibodies with the severity of hemolytic disease of the newborn.
        Br J Haematol. 1991; 77: 221
        • Hardy J.
        • Napier J.A.F.
        Red cell antibodies detected in antenatal tests on rhesus-positive women in south and mid Wales, 1948-1978.
        Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1981; 88: 91
        • Hussey R.
        Antenatal prophylaxis with anti-D immunoglobulin.
        Br Med J. 1989; 299: 568
        • Ichikawa Y.
        • Sato C.
        • McCreary J.
        • et al.
        Kg, a new low-frequency red cell antigen responsible for hemolytic disease of the newborn.
        Vox Sang. 1989; 56: 98
        • Isbister J.P.
        • Ting A.
        • Seeto K.M.
        Development of Rh-specific maternal autoantibodies following intensive plasmapheresis for Rh immunization during pregnancy.
        Vox Sang. 1977; 33: 353
        • James V.
        • Weston J.
        • Scott I.V.
        • et al.
        Intensive plasma exchange in Rhesus isoimmunization.
        Vox Sang. 1979; 37: 290
        • Jensen T.T.
        Rhesus immunization after bone allografting: A case report.
        Acta Orthop Scand. 1987; 58: 584
        • Kanhai H.H.
        • Bennebroek Gravenhorst J.
        • Gemke R.J.
        • et al.
        Fetal blood group determination in first-trimester pregnancy for the management of severe immunization.
        Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1987; 156: 120
        • Katz M.
        • Meizner I.
        • Shani N.
        • et al.
        Clinical significance of sinusoidal fetal heart rate pattern.
        Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1983; 90: 832
        • Keckstein G.
        • Stoz F.
        • Tschürtz S.
        • et al.
        Intrauterine treatment of severe fetal erythroblastosis: Intravascular transfusion with ultrasonic guidance.
        J Perinat Med. 1989; 17: 341
        • Kirkinen P.
        • Jouppikla P.
        • Eik-Nes S.
        Umbilical vein blood flow in rhesus isoimmunization.
        Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1983; 90: 640
        • Koenig J.M.
        • Christensen R.D.
        Neutropenia and thrombocytopenia in infants with Rh hemolytic disease.
        J Pediatr. 1989; 114: 625
        • Landsteiner K.
        • Winer A.S.
        An agglutinable factor in human blood recognized by immune sera for rhesus blood.
        Soc Exp Biol Med. 1940; 43: 223
        • Lenke R.R.
        • Persutte W.H.
        • Nemes J.M.
        Combined intravascular and intraperitoneal transfusions for erythroblastosis fetalis: A report of two cases.
        J Reprod Med. 1990; 35: 425
        • Levine P.
        • Katzin E.M.
        • Burnham L.
        Isoimmunization in pregnancy: Its possible bearing on the etiology of erythroblastosis foetalis.
        JAMA. 1941; 116: 825
        • Liley A.W.
        Liquor amnii analysis in the management of the pregnancy complicated by rhesus sensitization.
        Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1961; 82: 1359
        • Liley A.W.
        Intrauterine transfusion of foetus in haemolytic disease: A case report.
        Br Med J. 1963; ii: 1107
        • Millard D.D.
        • Gidding S.S.
        • Socol M.L.
        • et al.
        Effects of intravascular, intrauterine transfusion on prenatal and postnatal hemolysis and erythropoiesis in severe fetal isoimmunization.
        J Pediatr. 1990; 117: 447
        • Morell A.
        • Skvaril F.
        • van Loghem E.
        • et al.
        Human IgG subclasses in maternal and fetal serum.
        Vox Sang. 1971; 21: 481
        • Mowbray J.F.
        Autoantibodies, alloantibodies and reproductive success.
        Curr Opin Immunol. 1990; 2: 761
        • Moya F.R.
        • Grannum P.A.T.
        • Riddick L.
        • et al.
        Atrial natriuretic factor in hydrops fetalis caused by Rh isoimmunization.
        Arch Dis Child. 1990; 65 (7 Spec No): 683
        • Mueller-Eckhardt G.
        • Heine O.
        • Neppert J.
        • et al.
        Prevention of recurrent spontaneous abortion by intravenous immunoglobulin.
        Vox Sang. 1989; 56: 151
        • Nance S.J.
        • Nelson J.M.
        • Horenstein J.
        • et al.
        Monocyte monolayer assay: An efficient nonin-vasive technique for predicting the severity of hemolytic disease of the newborn.
        Am J Clin Pathol. 1989; 92: 89
        • Ness P.M.
        The assessment of fetal-maternal hemorrhage by an enzyme-linked antiglobulin test for Rh immune globulin recipients.
        Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1982; 143: 788
        • Nicolaides K.H.
        • Rodeck C.H.
        • Mibashan R.S.
        • et al.
        Have Liley charts outlived their usefulness?.
        Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1986; 155: 90
        • Nicolaides K.H.
        • Thilaganathan B.
        • Rodeck C.H.
        • et al.
        Erythroblastosis and reticulocytosis in anemic fetuses.
        Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1988; 159: 1063
        • Nicolaides K.H.
        • Warenski J.C.
        • Rodeck C.H.
        The relationship of fetal plasma protein concentration and hemoglobin level to the development of hydrops in rhesus isoimmunization.
        Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1985; 152: 341
        • Nicolini U.
        • Hubinont C.
        • Santolaya J.
        • et al.
        Maternal-fetal glucose gradient in normal pregnancies and in pregnancies complicated by alloimmunization and fetal growth retardation.
        Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1989; 161: 924
        • Parer J.T.
        Severe Rh isoimmunization: Current methods of in utero diagnosis and treatment.
        Obstet Gynecol. 1988; 158: 1323
        • Parinaud J.
        • Blanc M.
        • Grandjean H.
        • et al.
        IgG subclasses and Gm allotypes of anti-D antibodies during pregnancy: Correlation with the gravity of the fetal disease.
        Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1985; 151: 1111
        • Parke A.
        • Maier D.
        • Wilson D.
        • et al.
        Intravenous gamma-globulin, antiphospholipid antibodies, and pregnancy.
        Ann Intern Med. 1989; 110: 495
        • Pattison N.
        • Roberts A.
        The management of severe erythroblastosis fetalis by fetal transfusion: Survival of transfused adult erythrocytes in the fetus.
        Obstet Gynecol. 1989; 74: 901
        • Piecas D.V.
        • Chitkara U.
        • Berkowitz G.S.
        • et al.
        Intrauterine intravascular transfusion for severe erythroblastosis fetalis: How much to transfuse?.
        Obstet Gynecol. 1990; 75: 965
        • Poissonnier M.H.
        • Brossard Y.
        • Demedeiros N.
        • et al.
        Two hundred intrauterine exchange transfusions in severe blood incompatibilities.
        Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1989; 161: 709
        • Pollack W.
        Mechanisms of Rh immune suppression by Rh immune globulin.
        in: Garratty G. Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn. American Association of Blood Banks, Arlington, VA1984: 53
        • Pollack W.
        • Ascari W.Q.
        • Crispin J.R.
        • et al.
        Studies on Rh prophylaxis. II. Rh immunepro-phylaxis after transfusion with Rh-positive blood.
        Transfusion. 1971; 11: 340
        • Pollock J.M.
        • Bowman J.M.
        • Manning F.A.
        • et al.
        Fetal blood sampling in Rh hemolytic disease.
        Vox Sang. 1987; 53: 139
        • Porto M.
        • Murata Y.
        • Keegan K.A.
        Management of isoimmunized pregnancy by use of intravascular techniques [letter].
        Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1990; 162: 291
        • Race R.R.
        • Sanger R.
        Blood Groups in Man. ed 1. Blackwell, Oxford, England1950: 290
        • Reece L.A.
        • Cole S.W.
        • Romero R.
        • et al.
        Ultrasonography versus amniotic fluid spectral analysis: Are they sensitive enough to predict neonatal complications associated with isoimmunization?.
        Obstet Gynecol. 1989; 74: 357
        • Reece L.A.
        • Copel J.A.
        • Scioscia A.L.
        • et al.
        Diagnostic fetal umbilical blood sampling in the management of isoimmunization.
        Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1988; 159: 1057
        • Robinson E.A.E.
        • Tovey L.A.D.
        Intensive plasma exchange in the management of severe Rh disease.
        Br J Haematol. 1980; 45: 621
        • Rock G.A.
        • Lafreniere I.
        • Chan L.
        • et al.
        Plasma exchange in the treatment of hemolytic disease of the newborn.
        Transfusion. 1981; 21: 546
        • Rock G.A.
        Randomized controlled trial of plasma exchange for hemolytic disease due to anti-D.
        Can Med Assoc J. 1984; 131: 1022
        • Rock J.A.
        • Shirey R.S.
        • Braine H.G.
        • et al.
        Plasmapheresis for the treatment of repeated early pregnancy wastage associated with anti-P.
        Obstet Gynecol. 1985; 66 (suppl): 57S
        • Rodeck C.H.
        • Holman C.A.
        • Kamicki J.
        • et al.
        Direct intravascular fetal blood transfusion by fetoscopy in severe rhesus isoimmunization.
        Lancet. 1981; i: 625
        • Rodeck C.H.
        • Letsky E.
        How the management of erythroblastosis fetalis has changed.
        Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1989; 96: 759
        • Rodesch F.
        • Lambermont M.
        • Donner C.
        • et al.
        Chorionic biopsy in management of severe Kell alloimmunization.
        Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1987; 156: 124
        • Rote N.S.
        Pathophysiology of Rh isoimmunization.
        Clin Obstet Gynecol. 1982; 25: 243
        • Rouse D.
        • Weiner C.
        • Williamson R.
        Immune hydrops fetalis attributable to anti-HJK.
        Obstet Gynecol. 1990; 76: 988
        • Rubinstein P.
        Cyclical variations in anti Rh titer detected by automatic quantitative hemagglutination.
        Vox Sang. 1972; 23: 508
        • Sacks D.A.
        • Garratty G.
        Isoimmunization to Cromer antigen in pregnancy.
        Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1989; 161: 928
        • Scott J.R.
        • Branch D.W.
        • Kochenour N.K.
        • et al.
        Intravenous immunoglobulin treatment of pregnant patients with recurrent pregnancy loss caused by antiphospholipid antibodies and Rh immunization.
        Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1988; 159: 1055
        • Scott J.R.
        • Kochenour N.K.
        • Larkin R.M.
        • et al.
        Changes in the management of severely Rh-immunized patients.
        Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1984; 149: 336
        • Scott J.R.
        • Rote N.S.
        • Branch D.W.
        Immunologic aspects of recurrent abortion and fetal death.
        Obstet Gynecol. 1987; 70: 645
        • Shah D.M.
        • Boehm F.H.
        Conservative management of a severely Rh sensitized pregnancy.
        Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1987; 156: 1189
        • Shechter Y.
        • Timor-Tritsch I.E.
        • Lewitt N.
        • et al.
        Early treatment by plasmapheresis in a woman with multiple abortions and the rare blood group p.
        Vox Sang. 1987; 53: 135
        • Soothill P.W.
        • Nicolaides K.H.
        • Rodeck C.H.
        • et al.
        The effect of replacing fetal hemoglobin with adult hemoglobin on blood gas and acid-base parameters in human fetuses.
        Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1988; 158: 66
        • Steiner E.A.
        • Judd W.J.
        • Oberman H.A.
        • et al.
        Percutaneous umbilical blood sampling and umbilical vein transfusions: Rapid serologic differentiation of fetal blood from maternal blood.
        Transfusion. 1990; 30: 104
        • Stenchever M.A.
        Promethazine hydrochloride: Use in patients with Rh isoimmunization.
        Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1978; 130: 665
        • Swinhoe D.J.
        • Gilmore D.H.
        • McNay M.B.
        • et al.
        Rh haemolytic disease: Continuing problem of management.
        Arch Dis Child. 1990; 56: 365
        • Taslimi M.M.
        • Sibai B.M.
        • Mason J.M.
        • et al.
        Immunoglobulin G subclasses and isoimmunized pregnancy outcome.
        Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1986; 154: 1327
        • Taylor C.
        • Faulk W.P.
        Prevention of recurrent abortion with leucocyte transfusions.
        Lancet. 1981; ii: 68
        • Thomas R.M.
        • Canning C.E.
        • Cotes P.M.
        • et al.
        Erythropoietin and cord blood haemoglobin in the regulation of human fetal erythropoesis.
        Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1983; 90: 795
        • Torrance G.W.
        • Zipursky A.
        Cost-effectiveness of antepartum prevention of Rh immunization.
        Clin Perinatol. 1984; 11: 267
        • Tovey L.A.D.
        Incidence of rhesus immunization after genetic amniocentesis [letter].
        Br Med J. 1986; 293: 885
        • Tovey L.A.D.
        Haemolytic disease of the newborn and its prevention.
        Br Med J. 1990; 300: 313
        • Tovey L.A.D.
        • Haggas W.K.
        Prediction of the severity of rhesus haemolytic disease by means of antibody titrations performed on the AutoAnalyzer.
        Br J Haematol. 1971; 20: 25
        • Tovey L.A.D.
        • Taverner J.M.
        A case for the antenatal administration of anti-D immunoglobulin to primigravidae.
        Lancet. 1981; i: 878
        • Toy P.T.C.Y.
        • Reid M.E.
        • Papenfus L.
        • et al.
        Prevalence of ABO maternal-infant incompatibility in Asians, Blacks, Hispanics, and Caucasians.
        Vox Sang. 1988; 54: 181
        • Ukita M.
        • Takahashi A.
        • Nunotani T.
        • et al.
        IgG subclasses of anti-A and anti-B antibodies bound to the cord red cells in ABO incompatible pregnancies.
        Vox Sang. 1989; 56: 181
        • Urbaniak S.J.
        Lymphoid cell dependent (K-ceil) lysis of human erythrocytes sensitized with rhesus alloantibodies.
        Br J Haematol. 1976; 33: 409
        • Urbaniak S.J.
        • Greiss M.A.
        ADCC (K-cell) lysis of human erythrocytes sensitized with rhesus alloantibodies. III. Comparison of IgG anti-D agglutinating and lytic (ADCC) activity and the role of IgG subclasses.
        Br J Haematol. 1980; 46: 447
        • Urbaniak S.J.
        • Greiss M.A.
        • Crawford R.J.
        • et al.
        Prediction of the outcome of rhesus haemolytic disease of the newborn: Additional information using an ADCC assay.
        Vox Sang. 1984; 46: 323
        • van’t Veer-Korthof E.T.
        • Niterink J.S.G.
        • van Nieuwkoop J.G.
        IgG subclasses in rhesus-D immunization. Effects of weekly small-volume plasmapheresis.
        Vox Sang. 1981; 41: 207
        • Vengelen-Tyler V.
        The serologic investigation of hemolytic disease of the newborn caused by antibodies other than anti-D.
        in: Garratty G. Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn. American Association of Blood Banks, Arlington, VA1984: 145
        • Visser G.H.A.
        Antepartum sinusoidal and decelerative heart rate patterns in Rh disease.
        Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1982; 143: 538
        • Voutilainen P.E.J.
        • Widness J.A.
        • Clemons G.K.
        • et al.
        Amniotic fluid erythropoietin predicts fetal distress in Rh-immunized pregnancies.
        Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1989; 160: 429
        • Wallerstein H.
        Treatment of severe erythroblastosis by simultaneous removal and replacement of the blood of the newborn infant.
        Science. 1946; 103: 583
        • Warren R.C.
        • Butler J.
        • Morsman J.M.
        • et al.
        Does chorionic villus sampling cause fetomater-nal haemorrhage [letter]?.
        Lancet. 1985; i: 691
        • Watson W.J.
        • Katz V.L.
        • Bowes W.A.
        Plasmapheresis during pregnancy.
        Obstet Gynecol. 1990; 76: 451
        • Weinstein L.
        Irregular antibodies causing hemolytic disease of the newborn: A continuing problem.
        Clin Obstet Gynecol. 1982; 25: 321
        • Wensley R.T.
        • Lee D.
        • Fletcher S.
        Adverse effect of plasma exchange on anti-D production [letter].
        Br Med J. 1980; 281: 619
        • Westgren M.
        • Selbing A.
        • Stangenberg M.
        • et al.
        Acid-base status in fetal heart blood in erythroblastotic fetuses: A study with special reference to the effect of transfusions with adult blood.
        Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1989; 160: 1134
        • Williamson I.
        • Hofmeyr G.J.
        • Crookes R.L.
        Hemolytic disease of the newborn as an unusual consequence of drug abuse: A case report.
        J Reprod Med. 1990; 35: 46
        • Yoshida H.
        • Ito K.
        • Emi N.
        • et al.
        A new therapeutic antibody removal method using antigen-positive red cells. II. Application to a P-incompatible pregnant woman.
        Vox Sang. 1984; 47: 216
        • Zupanska B.
        • Brojer E.
        • McIntosh J.
        • et al.
        Correlation of monocyte-monolayer assay results, number of erythrocyte-bound IgG molecules and IgG subclass composition in the study of red cell alloantibodies other than D.
        Vox Sang. 1990; 58: 276
        • Zupanska B.
        • Brojer E.
        • Richards Y.
        • et al.
        Serological and immunological characteristics of maternal anti-Rh(D) antibodies in predicting the severity of haemolytic disease of the newborn.
        Vox Sang. 1989; 56: 247

      Article info

      Identification

      DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-2712(18)30505-5

      Copyright

      © 1992 Elsevier Inc. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

      ScienceDirect

      Access this article on ScienceDirect

      The content on this site is intended for healthcare professionals.


      We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content. To update your cookie settings, please visit the Cookie Preference Center for this site.
      Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. except certain content provided by third parties.


      RELX