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Research Article| Volume 13, ISSUE 1, P157-181, March 1993

Assessment of Hypocalcemia and Hypercalcemia

  • Bourke Edmund
    Correspondence
    Address reprint requests to: Edmund Bourke, MD VAMC, Department of Medicine, 800 Poly Place, Room 970, Brooklyn, NY 11209.
    Affiliations
    From the Department of Medicine, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Brooklyn; Department of Medicine, State University of New York Health Science Center at Brooklyn, Valhalla, New York
    Search for articles by this author
  • Delaney Vera
    Affiliations
    Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, New York
    Search for articles by this author
DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-2712(18)30468-2
Assessment of Hypocalcemia and Hypercalcemia
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      Methodologic aspects including causes of factitious hypocalcemia and hypercalcemia are summarized. The differential diagnosis of hypocalcemia is reviewed under three main headings: hypoalbuminemia, hypocalcemia with decreased parathyroid hormone (PTH) action or activity, and hypocalcemia with normal PTH action and activity. The differential diagnosis of hypercalcemia is subdivided into three broad categories: hyper-proteinemia, PTH-mediated hypercalcemia, and non-PTH-mediated hypercalcemia. The causes of hypocalcemia and hypercalcemia are outlined with a focus on pathophysiology and clinicochemical sequelae. A laboratory perspective is emphasized in outlining management strategies.
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      DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-2712(18)30468-2

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