Advertisement
Research Article| Volume 15, ISSUE 3, P493-516, September 1995

Surgical Pathology of the Uterine Cervix: Diagnostic Problems and Controversies

  • Joshua Z. Sickel
    Correspondence
    Address reprint requests to Joshua Z. Sickel, MD Department of Pathology El Camino Hospital 2500 Grant Road Mountain View, CA 94039-7025
    Affiliations
    From the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
    Search for articles by this author
      This paper is only available as a PDF. To read, Please Download here.
      Biopsy samples from the uterine cervix account for a significant percentage of the routine caseload encountered in surgical pathology. This article highlights some controversial topics, including microinvasive squamous cell carcinoma and early (microinvasive) adenocarcinoma. A variety of distinctive malignant neoplasms and certain benign “tumor-like” conditions that may be confused with malignancy are reviewed. Finally, the recently introduced large loop excision of the transformation zone (LLETZ) biopsy technique is briefly discussed.
      To read this article in full you will need to make a payment

      Purchase one-time access:

      Academic & Personal: 24 hour online accessCorporate R&D Professionals: 24 hour online access
      One-time access price info
      • For academic or personal research use, select 'Academic and Personal'
      • For corporate R&D use, select 'Corporate R&D Professionals'

      Subscribers receive full online access to your subscription and archive of back issues up to and including 2002.

      Content published before 2002 is available via pay-per-view purchase only.

      Subscribe:

      Subscribe to Clinics in Laboratory Medicine
      Already a print subscriber? Claim online access
      Already an online subscriber? Sign in
      Institutional Access: Sign in to ScienceDirect

      References

        • Andersen E.S.
        • Arffmann E.
        Adenocarcinoma in situ of the uterine cervix—a histologic and immunohistologic study.
        Gynecol Oncol. 1989; 35: 38-43
        • Angel C.A.
        • DuBeshter B.
        • Lin J.Y.
        Clinical presentation and management of stage I cervical adenocarcinoma: A 25 year experience.
        Gynecol Oncol. 1992; 44: 71-78
        • Averette H.E.
        • Nelson J.H.
        • Ng ABP
        • et al.
        Diagnosis and management of microinvasive (stage IA) carcinoma of the uterine cervix.
        Cancer. 1976; 38: 414-425
        • Ayroud Y.
        • Gelfand M.M.
        • Ferenczy A.
        Florid mesonephric hyperplasia of the cervix: A report of a case with review of the literature.
        Int J Gynecol Pathol. 1985; 4: 245-254
        • Baggish M.S.
        • Woodruff J.D.
        Adenoid basal carcinoma of the cervix.
        Obstet Gynecol. 1966; 28: 213
        • Berek J.S.
        • Hacker N.F.
        • Fu Y.S.
        • et al.
        Adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix: Histologic variables associated with lymph node metastasis and survival.
        Obstet Gynecol. 1985; 65: 46-52
        • Bloss J.D.
        The use of electrosurgical techniques in the management of premalignant diseases of the vulva, vagina, and cervix: An excisional rather than an ablative approach.
        Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1993; 169: 1081-1085
        • Bostrom S.G.
        • Hart W.R.
        Carcinomas of the cervix with intense stromal eosinophilia.
        Cancer. 1981; 47: 2887-2893
        • Boyce J.
        • Fruchter R.G.
        • Nicastri A.D.
        • et al.
        Prognostic factors in Stage I carcinoma of the cervix.
        Gynecol Oncol. 1981; 12: 154
        • Brand E.
        • Berek J.S.
        • Hacker N.F.
        Controversies in the management of cervical adenocarcinoma.
        Obstet Gynecol. 1988; 71: 261-269
        • Burghardt E.
        Microinvasive carcinoma in gynecological pathology.
        Clin Obstet Gynecol. 1984; 11: 239-257
        • Burghardt E.
        • Girardi F.
        • Lahousen M.
        • et al.
        Microinvasive carcinoma of the uterine cervix (International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics Stage IA).
        Cancer. 1991; 67: 1037-1045
        • Buscema J.
        • Woodruff J.D.
        Significance of neoplastic atypicalities in endocervical epithelium.
        Gynecol Oncol. 1984; 17: 356-362
        • Costa M.J.
        • Kenny M.B.
        • Hewan-Lowe K.
        • et al.
        Glassy cell features in adenosquamous carcinoma of the uterine cervix: Histologic, ultrastructural, immunohistochemical, and clinical findings.
        Am J Clin Pathol. 1991; 96: 520-528
        • Creasman W.T.
        • Fetter B.F.
        • Clarke-Pearson
        • et al.
        Management of stage IA carcinoma of the cervix.
        Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1985; 153: 164-172
        • Delgado G.
        • Bundy B.
        • Zaino R.
        • et al.
        A prospective surgical pathological study of stage I squamous carcinoma of the cervix: A Gynecologic Oncology Group study.
        Gynecol Oncol. 1989; 35: 314-320
        • Ferry J.A.
        • Scully R.E.
        “Adenoid cystic” carcinoma and adenoid basal carcinoma of the uterine cervix. A study of 28 cases.
        Am J Surg Pathol. 1988; 12: 134-144
        • Ferry J.A.
        • Scully R.E.
        Mesonephric remnants, hyperplasia and neoplasia in the uterine cervix: A study of 49 cases.
        Am J Surg Pathol. 1990; 14: 1100-1111
        • Fluhmann C.F.
        Focal hyperplasia (tunnel clusters) of the cervix uteri.
        Obstet Gynecol. 1961; 17: 206-214
        • Fowler W.C.
        • Miles P.A.
        • Surwit E.A.
        • et al.
        Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the cervix. Report of 9 cases and a reappraisal.
        Obstet Gynecol. 1978; 52: 337
        • Gilks C.B.
        • Young R.H.
        • Aguirre P.
        • et al.
        Adenoma malignum (minimal deviation adenocarcinoma) of the uterine cervix: a clinicopathological and immunohistochemical analysis of 26 cases.
        Am J Surg Pathol. 1989; 13: 717-729
        • Glucksmann A.
        • Cherry C.P.
        Incidence, histology, and response to radiation of mixed carcinomas (adenoacanthomas) of the uterine cervix.
        Cancer. 1956; 9: 971-979
        • Halpin T.F.
        • Hunter R.E.
        • Cohen M.B.
        Lymphoepithelioma of the uterine cervix.
        Gynecol Oncol. 1989; 34: 101-105
        • Hamazaki M.
        • Fujita H.
        • Ara T.
        • et al.
        Medullary carcinoma with marked lymphoid infiltration of the uterine cervix.
        Jpn J Cancer Clin. 1968; 14: 787
        • Hasumi K.
        • Sugano H.
        • Sakamoto G.
        • et al.
        Circumscribed carcinoma of the uterine cervix with marked lymphocytic infiltration.
        Cancer. 1977; 39: 2503-2507
        • Hasumi K.
        • Sakamoto A.
        • Sugano H.
        Microinvasive carcinoma of the uterine cervix.
        Cancer. 1980; 45: 928-931
        • Hoskins W.J.
        • Averette H.E.
        • Ng ABP
        • et al.
        Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the cervix uteri: Report of six cases and review of the literature.
        Gynecol Oncol. 1979; 7: 371
        • Howell R.
        • Hammond R.
        • Pryse-Davies J.
        The histologic reliability of laser cone biopsy of the cervix.
        Obstet Gynecol. 1991; 77: 905-911
        • Huettner P.C.
        • Gersell D.J.
        Placental site nodule: A clinicopathologic study of 38 cases.
        Int J Gynecol Pathol. 1994; 13: 191-198
        • Huettner P.C.
        • Gersell D.J.
        Arias-Stella reaction in nonpregnant woman: A clinicopathologic study of nine cases.
        Int J Gynecol Pathol. 1994; 13: 241-247
        • Jaworski R.C.
        • Pacey N.F.
        • Greenberg M.L.
        • et al.
        The histologic diagnosis of adenocarcinoma in-situ and related lesions of the cervix uteri: Adenocarcinoma in-situ.
        Cancer. 1988; 61: 1171-1181
        • Kapp D.S.
        • LiVolsi V.A.
        Intense eosinophilic stromal infiltration in carcinoma of the uterine cervix: A clinicopathologic study of 14 cases.
        Gynecol Oncol. 1983; 16: 19-30
        • Kaspar H.G.
        • Dinh T.V.
        • Doherty M.G.
        • et al.
        Clinical implications of tumor volume measurement in stage I adenocarcinoma of the cervix.
        Obstet Gynecol. 1993; 81: 296-300
        • Keijser K.G.
        • Kenemans P.
        • Petronella H.H.
        • et al.
        Diathermy loop excision in the management of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: Diagnosis and treatment in one procedure.
        Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1992; 166: 1281-1287
        • Kolstad P.
        Follow-up study of 232 patients with stage Ial and 411 with stage Ia2 squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix (microinvasive carcinoma).
        Gynecol Oncol. 1989; 33: 265-272
        • Krebs H.B.
        • Pastore L.
        • Helmkamp B.F.
        Loop electrosurgical excision procedures for cervical dysplasia: Experience in a community hospital.
        Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1993; 169: 289-295
        • Krummins I.
        • Young Q.
        • Pacey N.F.
        • et al.
        The cytologic diagnosis of adenocarcinoma insitu of the cervix uteri.
        Acta Cytol. 1977; 21: 320-329
        • Littman P.
        • Clement P.B.
        • Henriksen B.
        • et al.
        Glassy cell carcinoma of the cervix.
        Cancer. 1976; 37: 2238-2246
        • Maier R.C.
        • Norris H.J.
        Glassy cell carcinoma of the cervix.
        Obstet Gynecol. 1982; 60: 219-224
        • Maiman M.A.
        • Fuchter R.G.
        • Dimnio T.M.
        • et al.
        Superficially invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix.
        Obstet Gynecol. 1988; 72: 399-403
        • Mazur M.Y.
        • Battifora H.A.
        Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the uterine cervix: Ultrastructure, immunofluorescence, and criteria for diagnosis.
        Am J Clin Pathol. 1982; 77: 494
        • Michael H.
        • Grawe L.
        • Kraus F.T.
        Minimal deviation endocervical adenocarcinoma: Clinical and histologic features, immunohistochemical for carcinoembryonic antigen, and differentiation from confusing benign lesions.
        Int J Gynecol Pathol. 1984; 3: 261-276
        • Miles P.A.
        • Norris H.J.
        Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the cervix.
        Obstet Gynecol. 1971; 38: 103
        • Mills S.E.
        • Austin M.B.
        • Randall M.E.
        Lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma of the uterine cervix: A distinctive undifferentiated carcinoma with inflammatory stroma.
        Am J Surg Pathol. 1985; 9: 883-889
        • Montz F.J.
        • Holschneider C.H.
        • Thompson LDR
        Large-loop excision of the transformation zone: Effect on the pathological interpretation of resection margins.
        Obstet Gynecol. 1993; 81: 976-982
        • Musa A.G.
        • Hughes R.R.
        • Coleman S.A.
        Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the cervix: A report of 17 cases.
        Gynecol Oncol. 1985; 22: 167-173
        • Nordqvist SRB
        • Fidler W.J.
        • Woodruff J.M.
        • et al.
        Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the cervix and vagina.
        Cancer. 1976; 37: 858-871
        • Oyesanya O.A.
        • Amerasinghe C.N.
        • Manning EAD
        Outpatient excisional management of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia.
        Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1993; 168: 485-488
        • Pak H.Y.
        • Yokota S.B.
        • Paladugu R.R.
        • et al.
        Glassy cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix. Cytologic and clinicopathologic analysis.
        Cancer. 1983; 52: 307-312
        • Qizilbash A.H.
        In-situ and microinvasive adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix: A clinical, cytologic and histologic study of 14 cases.
        Am J Clin Pathol. 1975; 64: 155-170
        • Rhatigan R.M.
        Endocervical gland atypia secondary to Arias-Stella change.
        Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1992; 116: 943-946
        • Robert M.E.
        • Fu Y.S.
        Squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix—a review with emphasis on prognostic factors and unusual variants.
        Semin Diagn Pathol. 1990; 7: 173-189
        • Roche W.D.
        • Norris H.J.
        Microinvasive carcinoma of the cervix. The significance of lymphatic invasion and confluent patterns of stromal growth.
        Cancer. 1975; 36: 180-186
        • Rollason T.P.
        • Cullimore J.
        • Bradgate M.G.
        A suggested columnar cell morphological equivalent of squamous carcinoma in-situ with early stromal invasion.
        Int J Gynecol Oncol. 1989; 8: 230-236
        • Roth L.M.
        • Hornback N.B.
        Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the cervix in young women.
        Cancer. 1974; 34: 1761-1768
        • Saidi M.H.
        • Akright B.D.
        • Setzier F.D.
        • et al.
        Diagnostic and therapeutic conization using loop radiothermal cautery.
        J Reprod Med. 1993; 38: 775-779
        • Schneider V.
        Arias-Stella reaction of the endocervix (frequency and location).
        Acta Cytol. 1981; 25: 224-228
        • Sedlis A.
        • Sol S.
        • Tsukuda Y.
        • et al.
        Microinvasive carcinoma of the uterine cervix: A clinicopathologic study.
        Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1979; 133: 64-74
        • Segal G.H.
        • Hart WRP
        Cystic endocervical tunnel clusters: A clinicopathologic study of 29 cases of so-called adenomatous hyperplasia.
        Am J Surg Pathol. 1990; 14: 895-903
        • Seltzer V.
        • Sail S.
        • Castadot M.J.
        • et al.
        Glassy cell cervical carcinoma.
        Gynecol Oncol. 1979; 8: 141-149
        • Sevin B.U.
        • Nadji M.
        • Averette H.E.
        • et al.
        Microinvasive carcinoma of the cervix.
        Cancer. 1992; 70: 2121-2128
        • Simon N.L.
        • Gore H.
        • Shingleton H.M.
        • et al.
        Study of superficially invasive carcinoma of the cervix.
        Obstet Gynecol. 1986; 68: 19-24
        • Tamimi H.K.
        • Ek M.
        • Hesla J.
        • et al.
        Glassy cell carcinoma of the cervix redefined.
        Obstet Gynecol. 1988; 71: 837-841
        • Teshima S.
        • Shimosato Y.
        • Kishi K.
        • et al.
        Early stage adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix: Histopathologic analysis with consideration of histogenesis.
        Cancer. 1985; 56: 167-172
        • Tsukamoto N.
        • Kaku T.
        • Matsukuma K.
        • et al.
        The problem of stage Ia (FIGO, 1985) carcinoma of the uterine cervix.
        Gynecol Oncol. 1989; 34: 1-6
        • Ulbright T.M.
        • Gersell D.J.
        Glassy cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix. A light and electron microscopic study of five cases.
        Cancer. 1983; 51: 2255-2263
      1. Van Dinh T, Woodruff D: Adenoid cystic and adenoid basal carcinomas of the cervix. 65:705, 1985

        • Van Nagell J.R.
        • Greenwell N.
        • Powell D.F.
        • et al.
        Microinvasive carcinoma of the cervix.
        Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1983; 145: 981-991
        • Vesterinen E.
        • Forss M.
        • Nieminen U.
        Increase in cervical adenocarcinoma: A report of 520 cases of cervical carcinoma including 112 tumors with glandular elements.
        Gynecol Oncol. 1989; 33: 49-53
        • Weiss L.M.
        • Gaffey M.J.
        • Shibata D.
        Lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma and its relationship to Epstein-Barr virus.
        Am J Clin Pathol. 1991; 96: 156-158
        • Wright T.C.
        • Gagnon R.M.
        • Ferenczy A.
        Treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia using the loop electrosurgical excision procedure.
        Obstet Gynecol. 1992; 79: 173-178
        • Young R.H.
        • Kurman R.J.
        • Scully R.E.
        Proliferations and tumors of intermediate tropho-blast of the placental site.
        Semin Diagn Pathol. 1988; 5: 223-237
        • Young R.H.
        • Kurman R.J.
        • Scully R.E.
        Placental site nodules and plaques. A clinicopathologic analysis of 20 cases.
        Am J Surg Pathol. 1990; 14: 1001-1009
        • Zaino R.J.
        • Nahhas W.A.
        • Mortel R.
        Glassy cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix. An ultrastructural study and review.
        Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1982; 106: 250-254