Advertisement
Research Article| Volume 16, ISSUE 1, P139-167, March 1996

Download started.

Ok

Risk Assessment and Presymptomatic Molecular Diagnosis in Hereditary Breast Cancer

      This paper is only available as a PDF. To read, Please Download here.
      Breast cancer susceptibility genes are being isolated at a rapid pace. Current molecular diagnostic techniques are being adapted to detect mutations in the germline and in tumors. The isolation of the breast and ovarian cancer gene 1 ÍBRCA1) has brought about the potential for screening large numbers of individuals for genetically increased susceptibility to breast cancer. The advantages and limitations of presymptomatic testing are discussed.
      To read this article in full you will need to make a payment

      Purchase one-time access:

      Academic & Personal: 24 hour online accessCorporate R&D Professionals: 24 hour online access
      One-time access price info
      • For academic or personal research use, select 'Academic and Personal'
      • For corporate R&D use, select 'Corporate R&D Professionals'

      Subscribers receive full online access to your subscription and archive of back issues up to and including 2002.

      Content published before 2002 is available via pay-per-view purchase only.

      Subscribe:

      Subscribe to Clinics in Laboratory Medicine
      Already a print subscriber? Claim online access
      Already an online subscriber? Sign in
      Institutional Access: Sign in to ScienceDirect

      References

        • Adami H.O.
        • Hansen J.
        • Jung B.
        • et al.
        Characteristics of familial breast cancer in Sweden: Absence of relation to age and unilateral versus bilateral disease.
        Cancer. 1981; 48: 1688-1695
        • Ainsworth P.J.
        • Rodenhiser D.I.
        A nonradioactive method for the detection of singlestrand conformational polymorphisms (SSCP).
        Methods Mol Biol. 1994; 31: 205-210
        • Alford R.L.
        • Rossiter B.J.
        • Caskey C.T.
        DNA diagnosis in monogenic diseases.
        Int J Technol Assess Health Care. 1994; 10: 628-643
      1. American Cancer Society: Cancer Facts and Figures. Atlanta, GA, 1994

        • Anderson D.E.
        • Badzioch M.D.
        Bilaterality in familial breast cancer patients.
        Cancer. 1985; 56: 2092-2098
        • Bale A.E.
        • Petty E.M.
        Linkage analysis of human disease.
        in: Weintraub BD Molecular Endocrinology: Basic Concepts and Clinical Correlations. Raven Press, New York1995: 23-32
        • Berg C.
        • Hedrum A.
        • Lundeberg J.
        • et al.
        Sequence-based diagnostic of the p53 pattern in breast cancer tumors [meeting abstract].
        Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association of Cancer Researchers. 1995; 36: A1253
        • Bishop D.T.
        BRCA1, BRCA2, BRCA3... a myriad of breast cancer genes.
        Eur J Cancer. 1995; 30A: 1738-1739
        • Blaszyk H.
        • Hartmann A.
        • Schroeder J.J.
        • et al.
        Rapid and efficient screening for p53 gene mutations by dideoxy fingerprinting.
        BioTechniques. 1995; 18: 256-260
        • Bottema C.D.
        • Sommer S.S.
        PCR amplification of specific alleles: Rapid detection of known mutations and polymorphisms.
        Mutat Res. 1993; 288: 93-102
        • Brownstein M.H.
        • Wolf M.
        • Bikowski J.B.
        Cowden’s disease: A cutaneous marker of breast cancer.
        Cancer. 1978; 41: 2393-2398
        • Cariello N.F.
        • Skopek T.R.
        Mutational analysis using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and PCR.
        Mutat Res. 1993; 288: 103-112
        • Charpin C.
        • DeVictor B.
        • Andrac L.
        • et al.
        p53 quantitative immunocytochemical analysis in breast carcinomas.
        Hum Pathol. 1995; 26: 159-166
        • Chen Y.
        • Chen C-F
        • Riley D.J.
        • et al.
        Aberrant subcellular localization of BRCA1 in breast cancer.
        Science. 1995; 270: 789-791
        • Chu K.
        • Smart C.
        • Tarone R.
        Breast cancer mortality and stage distribution by age for the Health Insurance Plan clinical trial.
        J Natl Cancer Inst. 1988; 80: 1125-1132
        • Claus E.B.
        • Risch N.
        • Thompson W.D.
        Autosomal dominant inheritance of early-onset breast cancer.
        Cancer. 1994; 73: 643-651
        • Claus E.B.
        • Risch N.
        • Thompson W.D.
        Genetic analysis of breast cancer in the cancer and steroid hormone study.
        Am J Hum Genet. 1991; 48: 232-242
        • Colditz G.A.
        • Willett W.C.
        • Hunter D.J.
        • et al.
        Family history, age and risk of breast cancer.
        JAMA. 1993; 270: 338-343
        • Coles C.
        • Condie A.
        • Chetty U.
        • et al.
        p53 mutations in breast cancer.
        Cancer Res. 1992; 52: 5291-5298
        • Cooper D.N.
        • Schmidtke J.
        Diagnosis of human genetic disease using recombinant DNA.
        Hum Genet. 1993; 92: 211-236
        • Copper D.N.
        • Krawczak M.
        • Antonarakis S.E.
        The nature and mechanisms of human gene mutation.
        in: Scriver CR Beaudet AL Sly WS The Metabolic Basis of Inherited Disease. McGraw Hill, New York1995: 259-291
        • Cornells R.S.
        • Vasen H.F.
        • Meijers-Heijboer H.
        • et al.
        Age at diagnosis as an indicator of eligibility for BRCA1 DNA testing in familial breast cancer.
        Hum Genet. 1995; 95: 539-544
        • Cortessis V.
        • Ingles S.
        • Millikan R.
        • et al.
        Linkage analysis of DRD2, a marker linked to the ataxia-telangectasia gene, in 64 families with premenopausal bilateral breast cancer.
        Cancer Res. 1993; 53: 5083-5086
        • Cotton R.G.
        Current methods of mutation detection.
        Mutat Res. 1993; 285: 125-144
        • Crisan D.
        • Chen S.T.
        • Weil S.C.
        Polymerase chain reaction in the diagnosis of chromosomal breakpoints.
        Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 1994; 8: 725-750
        • Cropp C.S.
        • Nevanlinna H.A.
        • Pyrhonen S.
        • et al.
        Evidence for involvement of BRCA1 in sporadic breast carcinomas.
        Cancer Res. 1994; 54: 2548-2551
        • Demeter J.
        • Waterman N.
        • Verdi G.
        Familial male breast carcinoma.
        Cancer. 1990; 65: 2342-2343
        • Easton D.F.
        • Bishop D.T.
        • Ford D.
        • et al.
        Genetic linkage analysis in familial breast and ovarian cancer. Results from 214 families.
        Am J Hum Genet. 1993; 52: 678-701
        • Easton D.F.
        • Ford D.
        • Bishop D.T.
        • et al.
        Breast and ovarian cancer incidence in BRCA1-mutation carriors.
        Am J Hum Genet. 1995; 56: 265-271
        • Ehrlich H.A.
        • Gelfand D.
        • Sninsky J.J.
        Recent advances in the polymerase chain reaction.
        Science. 1991; 252: 1643-1651
        • Eyfjord J.E.
        • Thorlacius S.
        • Steinarsdottir M.
        • et al.
        p53 abnormalities and genomic instability in primary human breast carcinomas.
        Cancer Res. 1995; 55: 646-651
        • Fan E.
        • Levin D.B.
        • Glickman B.W.
        • et al.
        Limitations in the use of SSCP analvsis.
        Mutat Res. 1993; 288: 85-92
        • Fearon E.R.
        Molecular genetic studies of the adenoma-carcinoma sequence.
        Adv Intern Med. 1994; 39: 123-147
        • Fodde R.
        • Losekoot M.
        Mutation detection by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE).
        Hum Mutat. 1994; 3: 83-94
        • Ford D.
        • Easton D.F.
        • Bishop D.T.
        • et al.
        Risks of cancer in BRCA1 mutation carriers.
        Lancet. 1994; 343: 692-695
        • Frebourg T.
        • Kassel J.
        • Lam K.T.
        • et al.
        Germline mutations of the p53 tumor suppressor gene in patients with high risk for cancer inactivate the p53 protein.
        Proc Natl Acad Sci. 1992; 89: 6413-6417
        • Futreal P.A.
        • Liu Q.
        • Shattuck-Eidens D.
        • et al.
        BRCA1 mutations on primary breast and ovarian carcinomas.
        Science. 1994; 266: 120-122
        • Gehly G.B.
        Diagnosis of minimal residual disease in bone marrow transplant patients.
        Clin Lab Med. 1992; 12: 129-151
        • Greenblatt M.S.
        • Bennett W.P.
        • Hollstein M.
        • et al.
        Mutations in the p53 tumor suppressor gene: Clues to cancer etiology and molecular pathogenesis.
        Cancer Res. 1994; 54: 4855-4878
        • Grompe M.
        The rapid detection of unknown mutations in nucleic acids.
        Nat Genet. 1993; 5: 111-117
        • Gunther K.E.
        • Cohn R.J.
        • Mendelow B.V.
        Polymerase chain reaction in cancer diagnosis.
        S Afr Med J. 1993; 83: 514-516
        • Haerslev T.
        • Jacobsen G.K.
        An immunohistochemical study of p53 with correlations to histopathological parameters, c-erbB-2, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, and prognosis.
        Hum Pathol. 1995; 26: 295-301
        • Hall J.M.
        • Lee M.K.
        • Newman B.
        • et al.
        Linkage of early onset breast cancer to chromosome 17q21.
        Science. 1990; 250: 1684-1689
        • Hall N.R.
        • Williams M.A.
        • Murday V.A.
        • et al.
        Muir-Torre syndrome: A variant of the cancer family syndrome.
        J Med Genet. 1994; 31: 627-631
        • Hartley A.L.
        • Birch J.M.
        • Marsden H.B.
        • et al.
        Breast cancer risk in mothers of children with osteosarcoma and chondrosarcoma.
        Br J Cancer. 1986; 54: 819-823
        • Hartmann A.
        • Blaszyk H.
        • McGovern R.M.
        • et al.
        p53 gene mutations inside and outside of exons 5-8: The patterns differ in breast and other cancers.
        Oncogene. 1995; 10: 681-688
        • Hartmann A.
        • Rosanelli G.
        • Blaszyk H.
        • et al.
        Novel pattern of P53 mutation in breast cancers from Austrian women.
        J Clin Invest. 1995; 95: 686-689
        • Hayashi K.
        PCR-SSCP: A simple and sensitive method for detection of mutations in the genomic DNA.
        PCR Methods Appl. 1991; 1: 34-38
        • Henco K.
        • Harders J.
        • Wiese U.
        • et al.
        Temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (TGGE) for the detection of polymorphic DNA and RNA.
        Methods Mol Biol. 1994; 31: 211-228
        • Hogervorst F.B.L.
        • Cornells R.S.
        • Bout M.
        • et al.
        Rapid detection of BRCA1 mutations by the protein truncation test.
        Nat Genet. 1995; 10: 208-212
        • Hoskins K.
        • Stopfer J.E.
        • Calzone K.A.
        • et al.
        Assessment and counseling for breast cancer risk: A guide for clinicians.
        JAMA. 1995; 273: 577-585
        • Ishioka C.
        • Frebourg T.
        • Yan Y.X.
        • et al.
        Screening patients for heterozygous p53 mutations using a functional assay in yeast.
        Nat Genet. 1993; 5: 124-129
        • Isola J.J.
        • Holli K.
        • Oska H.
        • et al.
        Elavated erbB-2 oncoprotein levels in preoperative and follow-up serum samples define an aggressive disease course in patients with breast cancer.
        Cancer. 1994; 73: 652-658
        • Jacobs I.J.
        • Smith S.A.
        • Wiseman R.W.
        • et al.
        A deletion unit on chromosome 17q in epithelial ovarian tumors distal to the familial breast/ovarian cancer locus.
        Cancer Res. 1993; 53: 1218-1221
        • Kawasaki E.S.
        The polymerase chain reaction: Its use in the molecular characterization and diagnosis of cancers.
        Cancer Invest. 1992; 10: 417-429
        • Kelsey J.L.
        • Gammon M.D.
        The epidemiology of breast cancer.
        CA A Cancer J Clinic. 1991; 41: 147-165
        • Kirchweger R.
        • Zeillinger R.
        • Schneeberger C.
        • et al.
        Patterns of allele loss suggest the existence of five distinct regions of LOH on chromosome 17 in breast cancer.
        Int J Cancer. 1994; 56: 193-199
        • Knudson A.G.
        Mutation and cancer: Statistical study of retinoblastoma.
        Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1971; 68: 820-823
        • Kozak F.K.
        • Hall J.G.
        • Baird P.A.
        Familial breast cancer in males. A case report and a review of the literature.
        Cancer. 1986; 12: 2736-2739
        • Landergren U.
        • Kaiser R.
        • Caskey C.T.
        • et al.
        DNA Diagnostics-molecular techniques and automation.
        Science. 1988; 242: 229-237
        • Lee J.H.
        • Kavanagh J.J.
        • Wildrick D.M.
        • et al.
        Frequent loss of heterozygosity on chromosomes 6q, 11, and 17 in human ovarian carcinomas.
        Cancer Res. 1990; 50: 2724-2728
        • Lerman C.
        • Seay J.
        • Balshem A.
        • et al.
        Interest in genetic testing among first-degree relatives of breast cancer patients.
        Am J Med Genet. 1995; 57: 385-392
        • Li F.P.
        • Fraumeni Jr, JF
        • Mulvihill J.J.
        • et al.
        A cancer family syndrome in twenty-four kindreds.
        Cancer Res. 1988; 48: 5358-5362
        • Liscia D.S.
        • Venesio T.
        • Bernardi A.
        • et al.
        Genetic changes in breast cancer.
        in: Garrett C Sell S Cellular Cancer Markers. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ1995: 191-208
        • Liu Q.
        • Sommer S.
        Restriction endonucleases fingerprinting (REF): A sensitive method for screening mutations in long, contiguous segments of DNA.
        BioTechniques. 1995; 18: 470-477
        • Lobaccaro J.M.
        • Lumbroso S.
        • Belon C.
        • et al.
        Male breast cancer and the androgen receptor gene.
        Nat Genet. 1993; 5: 109-110
        • Loda M.
        Polymerase chain reaction-based methods for the detection of mutations in oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes.
        Hum Pathol. 1994; 25: 564-571
        • Malkin D.
        • Li F.P.
        • Strong L.C.
        • et al.
        Germ line p53 mutations in a familial syndrome of breast cancer, sarcomas, and other neoplasms.
        Science. 1990; 250: 1233-1238
        • Mashal R.D.
        • Koontz J.
        • Sklar J.
        Detection of mutations by cleavage of DNA heteroduplexes with bacteriophage resolvases.
        Nat Genet. 1995; 9: 177-183
        • McConville C.M.
        • Formstone C.J.
        • Hernandez D.
        • et al.
        Fine mapping of the chromosome llq22-23 region using PFGE, linkage and haplotype analysis: Localization of the gene for ataxia telangiectasia to a 5cM region flanked by NCAM/DRD2 and STMY/CJ52.75.
        Nucleic Acids Res. 1990; 18: 4335-4343
        • Merajver S.D.
        • Pham T.M.
        • Caduff R.F.
        • et al.
        Somatic mutations in the BRCA1 gene in sporadic ovarian tumours.
        Nat Genet. 1995; 9: 439-443
        • Miki Y.
        • Swensen J.
        • Shattuck-Eidens D.
        • et al.
        A strong candidate for the breast and ovarian cancer susceptibility gene BRCA1.
        Science. 1994; 266: 66-71
        • Morrell D.
        • Cromartie E.
        • Swift M.
        Mortality and cancer incidence in 263 patients with ataxia-telangectasia.
        J Natl Cancer Inst. 1986; 77: 89-92
        • Muir E.G.
        • Yates-Bell A.J.
        • Barlow K.A.
        Multiple primary carcinomata of the colon, duodenum, and larynx associated with keratoacanthomata of the face.
        Br J Surg. 1967; 54: 191-195
        • Mullis K.
        • Faloona F.
        • Scarf S.
        • et al.
        Specific enzymatic amplification of DNA in vitro: The polymerase chain reaction.
        Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol. 1986; 51: 263-273
        • Nelson C.L.
        • Sellers T.A.
        • Rich S.S.
        • et al.
        Familial clustering of colon, breast, uterine and ovarian cancers as assessed by family history.
        Genet Epidemiol. 1993; 10: 235-244
        • Newman B.
        • Austin M.A.
        • Lee M.
        • et al.
        Inheritance of breast cancer: evidence for autosomal dominant transmission in high risk families.
        Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1988; 85: 3044-3048
        • Offit K.
        • Brown K.
        Quantitation familial cancer risk: A resource for clinical oncologists.
        J Clin Oncol. 1994; 12: 1724-1736
        • Ott J.
        Analysis of Human Genetic Linkage. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore1991
        • Patel U.A.
        • Perry M.
        • Crane-Robinson C.
        Screening for germline mutations of the p53 gene in familial breast cancer patients.
        Eur J Clin Invest. 1995; 25: 132-137
        • Porter D.E.
        • Cohen B.B.
        • Wallace M.R.
        • et al.
        Breast cancer incidence, penetrance and survival in probable carriers of BRCA1 gene mutation in families linked to BRCA1 on chromosome 17ql2-21.
        Br J Surg. 1994; 81: 1512-1515
        • Pourzand C.
        • Cerutti P.
        Genotypic mutation analysis by RFLP/PCR.
        Mutat Res. 1993; 288: 113-121
        • Raggio M.
        • Kaplan A.L.
        • Harberg J.F.
        Recurrent ovarian fibromas with basal cell nevus syndrome (Gorlin syndrome).
        Obstet Gynecol. 1983; 61: 95S-96S
        • Rommens J.
        • Kerem B-S
        • Greer W.
        • et al.
        Rapid non-radioactive detection of the major cystic fibrosis mutation.
        Am J Hum Genet. 1990; 46: 395-396
        • Rosanelli G.P.
        • Steindorfer P.
        • Wirnsberger G.H.
        • et al.
        Mutant p53 expression and DNA analysis in human breast cancer comparison with conventional clinicopathological parameters.
        Anticancer Res. 1995; 15: 581-586
        • Saiki R.K.
        • Scharf S.
        • Faloona F.
        • et al.
        Enzymatic amplification of beta-globin genomic sequences and restriction site analysis for diagnosis of sickle cell anemia.
        Science. 1985; 230: 1350-1354
        • Santibanez-Koref M.F.
        • Birch J.M.
        • Hartley A.L.
        • et al.
        p53 Germline mutations in Li-Fraumeni syndrome.
        Lancet. 1991; 338: 1490-1491
        • Sato T.
        • Okazaki A.
        • Okazaki M.
        • et al.
        Detection of p53 gene mutations in aspiration biopsy specimens from suspected breast cancers by polymerase chain reaction-single strand conformation polymorphism analysis.
        Jpn J Cancer Res. 1995; 86: 140-145
        • Sattin R.W.
        • Rubin G.L.
        • Webster L.A.
        • et al.
        Family history and the risk of breast cancer.
        JAMA. 1985; 253: 1908-1913
        • Savitsky K.
        • Bar-Shira A.
        • Gilad S.
        • et al.
        A single ataxia telangiectasia gene with a product similar to Pl-3 kinase.
        Science. 1995; 268: 1749-1753
        • Sekiya T.
        Detection of mutant sequences by single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis.
        Mutat Res. 1993; 288: 79-83
        • Shattuck-Eidens D.
        • McClure M.
        • Simard J.
        • et al.
        A collaborative survey of 80 mutations in the BRCA1 breast and ovarian cancer susceptibility gene. Implications for presymptomatic testing and screening.
        JAMA. 1995; 273: 535-541
        • Shuldiner A.R.
        • LeRoith D.
        • Roberts Jr, CT
        DNA sequence analysis.
        in: Weintraub BD Molecular Endocrinology: Basic Concepts and Clinical Correlations. Raven Press, New York1995: 13-21
        • Slamon D.J.
        • Godolphin W.
        • Jones L.A.
        • et al.
        Studies of the HER-2/NFU proto-oncogene in human breast and ovarian cancer.
        Science. 1989; 244: 707-710
        • Slattery M.
        • Kerber R.
        A comprehensive evaluation of family history and breast cancer: The Utah population database.
        JAMA. 1993; 270: 1563-1568
        • Smooker P.M.
        • Cotton R.G.
        The use of chemical reagents in the detection of DNA mutations.
        Mutat Res. 1993; 288: 65-77
        • Spigelman A.D.
        • Murray V.
        • Phillips R.K.S.
        Cancer and the Puetz-Jeghers Syndrome.
        Gut. 1989; 30: 1588-1590
        • Starink T.M.
        Cowden’s disease: Analysis of fourteen new cases.
        J Am Acad Dermatol. 1984; 11: 1127-1141
        • Steel C.M.
        Identification and characterization of cancer genes.
        Br Med Bull. 1994; 50: 536-559
        • Steinberg M.H.
        DNA diagnosis for the detection of sickle hemoglobinopathies.
        Am J Hematol. 1993; 43: 110-115
        • Swift M.
        • Morrell D.
        • Cromartie E.
        • et al.
        The incidence and gene frequency of ataxiatelangiectasia in the United States.
        Am J Hum Genet. 1986; 39: 573-583
        • Swift M.
        • Reitnauer P.J.
        • Morrell D.
        • et al.
        Breast and other cancers in families with ataxia-telangiectasia.
        N Engl J Med. 1987; 316: 1289-1294
        • Syvanen A.C.
        Detection of point mutations in human genes by the solid-phase minisequencing method.
        Clin Chim Acta. 1994; 226: 225-236
        • Terwilliger J.D.
        • Ott J.
        Handbook of Human Genetic Linkage. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore1994
        • Toguchida J.
        • Yamaguchi T.
        • Dayton S.H.
        • et al.
        Prevalence and spectrum of germline mutations of the p53 gene among patients with sarcoma.
        N Engl J Med. 1992; 326: 1301-1308
        • van de Vijver M.J.
        Molecular genetic changes in human breast cancer.
        Adv Cancer Res. 1993; 61: 25-56
        • Wagener C.
        • Epplen J.T.
        • Erlich H.
        • et al.
        Molecular biology techniques in the diagnosis of monogenic diseases.
        Clin Chim Acta. 1994; 225: S35-S50
        • Weidner N.
        Prognostic factors in breast carcinoma.
        Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 1995; 7: 4-9
        • Weinstein L.S.
        • Mixson A.J.
        Localizing mutations in human genes.
        in: Weintraub BD Molecular Endocrinology: Basic Concepts and Clinical Correlations. Raven Press, New York1995: 33-40
        • Weyl-Ben A.M.
        • Oslander L.
        Ollier’s disease associated with ovarian Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor and breast adenoma.
        Am J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 1991; 13: 49-51
        • White M.B.
        • Carvalho M.
        • Derse D.
        • et al.
        Detecting single base pair substitutions as heteroduplex polymorphisms.
        Genomics. 1992; 12: 301-306
        • Wooster R.
        • Mangion J.
        • Eies R.
        • et al.
        A germline mutation in the androgen receptor in two brothers with breast cancer and Reifenstein syndrome.
        Nat Genet. 1992; 2: 132-143
        • Wooster R.
        • Stratton M.R.
        Breast cancer susceptibility: a complex disease unravels.
        Trends Genet. 1995; 11: 3-5
        • Wooster R.
        Localization of a breast cancer susceptibility gene, BRCA2, to chromosome 13ql2-13.
        Science. 1994; 265: 2088
        • Youil R.
        • Kemper B.W.
        • Cotton R.H.
        Screening for mutations by enzyme mismatch cleavage with T4 endonuclease VII.
        Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1995; 92: 87-91
        • Young R.H.
        • Scully R.E.
        Pathology of epithelial tumors.
        Hematol/Onc Clin North Am. 1992; 6: 739-760