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The possible roles of alcohol (ethanol) as a carcinogen and as a modulator of the
carcinogenic process are reviewed. The effects of alcohol are compared with those
of well-known genotoxic and nongenotoxic or epigenetic carcinogens in their roles
in the genesis of hepatocellular carcinomas. Also, the effects of alcohol are compared
with those of known promoting agents for the liver. In addition, the possible roles
of alcohol in the genesis of the potential precancerous liver lesions, in cirrhosis,
and in the modulation of cancer induction with the known carcinogenic influences,
hepatitis B and C viruses, are analyzed. The possible role of alcohol in the modulation
of liver cell membrane lesions in the development of liver cell cancer is explored.
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© 1996 Elsevier Inc. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.