Advertisement
Research Article| Volume 16, ISSUE 2, P273-287, June 1996

Interactions Between Alcohol and Hepatitis Viruses in the Liver

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-2712(18)30269-5
Interactions Between Alcohol and Hepatitis Viruses in the Liver
Previous ArticleThe Epidemiology of Hepatitis Viruses B, C, and D
Next ArticleEthanol and Hepatocellular Injury
      This paper is only available as a PDF. To read, Please Download here.
      There is a high frequency of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections among individuals with alcoholic liver disease (ALD) and alcohol-associated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), suggesting that these viruses are implicated in the pathogenesis of these diseases. Alcohol may act synergistically by promoting the development and progression of liver disease. The interactions of alcohol with infected hepatocytes and with antiviral immunity may result in altered patterns of virus gene expression and replication, making diagnosis difficult in some cases of ALD and HCC. The potential association of ALD and alcoholic HCC with serologically negative virus variants raises major diffi-culties in the epidemiologic assessment of cause and effect, pro viding major challenges for the future.
      To read this article in full you will need to make a payment

      Purchase one-time access:

      Academic & Personal: 24 hour online accessCorporate R&D Professionals: 24 hour online access
      One-time access price info
      • For academic or personal research use, select 'Academic and Personal'
      • For corporate R&D use, select 'Corporate R&D Professionals'

      Subscribers receive full online access to your subscription and archive of back issues up to and including 2002.

      Content published before 2002 is available via pay-per-view purchase only.

      Subscribe:

      Subscribe to Clinics in Laboratory Medicine
      Already a print subscriber? Claim online access
      Already an online subscriber? Sign in
      Register: Create an account
      Institutional Access: Sign in to ScienceDirect

      References

        • Andus T.
        • Bauer J.
        • Gerok W.
        Effects of cytokines on the liver.
        Hepatology. 1991; 13: 364
        • Attali P.
        • Prod’homme S.
        • Pelletier G.
        • et al.
        Carcinome hépato-cellulaires en France. Aspects cliniques, biologiques et virologiques chez 197 malades.
        Gastroenterol Clin Biol. 1985; 9: 396
        • Attali P.
        • Thibault N.
        • Buffet C.
        • et al.
        Les marqueurs du virus B chez les alcooliques chroniques.
        Gastroenterol Clin Biol. 1981; 5: 1095
        • Babinet C.
        • Farza H.
        • Morello D.
        • et al.
        Specific expression of hepatitis B surface antigen in transgenic mice.
        Science. 1985; 230: 1160
        • Baddour N.
        • Demetris A.J.
        • Tringali R.
        • et al.
        The prevalence, rate of onset and spectrum of histologic liver disease in alcohol abusing liver allograft recipients.
        Gastroenterology. 1992; 102: A777
        • Balsano C.
        • Billet O.
        • Bennoun M.
        • et al.
        Hepatitis B virus X gene product acts as a transactivator in vivo.
        J Hepatol. 1994; 21: 103
        • Bedossa P.
        • Houglum K.
        • Trautwein C.
        • et al.
        Stimulation of collagen α1 (I) gene expression is associated with lipid peroxidation in hepatocellular injury: A link to tissue fibrosis?.
        Hepatology. 1994; 19: 1262
        • Bellantani S.
        • Tiribelli C.
        • Saccocio G.
        • et al.
        Prevalence of chronic liver disease in the general population of Northern Italy: The Dionysos study.
        Hepatology. 1994; 20: 1442
        • Bode J.C.
        • Biermann J.
        • Kohse K.P.
        • et al.
        High incidence of antibodies to hepatitis C virus in alcoholic cirrhosis: Fact or fiction?.
        Alcohol Alcohol. 1991; 26: 111
        • Brechot C.
        Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatocellular carcinoma. HBV status and its implication.
        J Hepatol. 1987; 4: 269
        • Brechot C.
        • Degos F.
        • Lugassy C.
        • et al.
        Hepatitis B virus DNA in patients with chronic liver disease and negative tests for hepatitis B surface antigen.
        N Engl J Med. 1985; 312: 270
        • Brechot C.
        • Hadchouel M.
        • Scotto J.
        • et al.
        State of hepatitis B virus DNA in hepatocyte of patients with hepatitis B surface antigen-positive and -negative liver diseases.
        Proc Natl Acad Sei USA. 1981; 78: 3906
        • Brechot C.
        • Nalpas B.
        • Courouce A.M.
        • et al.
        Evidence that hepatitis B virus has a role in liver-cell carcinoma in alcoholic liver disease.
        N Engl J Med. 1982; 306: 1384
        • Brillanti S.
        • Masci C.
        • Siringo S.
        • et al.
        Serological and histological aspects of hepatitis C virus infection in alcoholic patients.
        J Hepatol. 1991; 13: 347
        • Bruix J.
        • Barrera J.M.
        • Calvet X.
        • et al.
        Prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis C virus in Spanish patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and hepatic cirrhosis.
        Lancet. 1992; 2: 1004
        • Caporaso N.
        • Romano M.
        • Marmo R.
        • et al.
        Hepatitis C virus infection is an additive risk factor for development of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis.
        J Hepatol. 1991; 12: 367
        • Carman W.F.
        • Hadziyannis S.
        • McGarvey M.J.
        • et al.
        Mutation preventing formation of hepatitis B e antigen in patients with chronic hepatitis B infection.
        Lancet. 1989; 2: 588
        • Carman W.F.
        • Zanetti A.R.
        • Karayiannis P.
        • et al.
        Vaccine-induced escape mutant of hepatitis B virus.
        Lancet. 1990; 1: 325
        • Caselmann W.H.
        • Meyer M.
        • Kerule A.S.
        • et al.
        A trans-activator function is generated by integration of hepatitis B virus preS/S sequences in human hepatocellular carcinoma DNA.
        Proc Natl Acad Sei USA. 1990; 87: 2970
        • Chen D.S.
        • Hoyer B.H.
        • Nelson J.
        • et al.
        Detection and properties of hepatitis B virus DNA in liver tissues from patients with hepatocellular carcinoma.
        Hepatology. 1982; 2: 42S
        • Chen H.S.
        • Kaneko S.
        • Girones R.
        • et al.
        The woodchuck hepatitis virus X gene is important for establishment of virus infection in woodchucks.
        J Virol. 1993; 67: 1218
        • Chung H.
        • Lai C.
        • Wu P.C.
        • et al.
        Synergism of chronic alcoholism and HBV infection in liver disease.
        J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1989; 4: 11
        • Chung R.T.
        Just say “No” to viral hepatitis?.
        Hepatology. 1994; 19: 790
        • Colombo M.
        • Kuo G.
        • Choo Q.L.
        • et al.
        Prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis C virus in Italian patients with hepatocellular carcinoma.
        Lancet. 1989; 2: 1006
        • Coste T.
        • Gie A.
        • Fischer D.
        • et al.
        Fréquence des marqueurs du virus B chez les alcooliques chroniques avec ou sans cirrhose [letter to the editor].
        Gastroenterol Clin Biol. 1982; 6: 515
        • Cross J.C.
        • Wen P.
        • Rutter W.J.
        Transactivation by hepatitis B virus X protein is promiscuous and dependent on mitogen-activated cellular serine/threonine kinases.
        Proc Natl Acad Sei USA. 1993; 90: 8078
        • DeMitri S.
        • Poussin K.
        • Baccarini P.E.A.
        HCV-associated liver cancer without cirrhosis.
        Lancet. 1995; 1: 413
        • DeThe H.
        • Marchio A.
        • Tiollais P.
        • et al.
        A novel steroid/thyroid hormone receptor-related gene inappropriately expressed in human hepatocellular carcinoma.
        Nature. 1987; 330: 667
        • Diamantis I.D.
        • McGandy C.E.
        • Chen T.J.
        • et al.
        Hepatitis B X-gene expression in hepatocellular carcinoma.
        J Hepatol. 1992; 15: 400
        • Ding S.F.
        • Habib N.A.
        Loss of heterozygosity in liver tumors.
        J Hepatol. 1995; 22: 230
        • Feitelson M.A.
        • Duan L.X.
        • Guo J.
        • et al.
        Precore and X region mutants in hepatitis B virus infections among renal dialysis patients.
        J Viral Hepatitis. 1995; 2: 19
        • Feitelson M.A.
        • Lega L.
        • Duan L.X.
        • et al.
        Characteristics of woodchuck hepatitis X-antigen in the livers and sera from infected animals.
        J Hepatol. 1993; 17: S24
        • Feitelson M.
        • Lega L.
        • Guo J.
        • et al.
        Pathogenesis of posttransfusion viral hepatitis in children with β-thalassemia.
        Hepatology. 1994; 19: 558
        • Feitelson M.A.
        • Zhu M.
        • Duan L-X
        • et al.
        Hepatitis B x antigen and p53 are associated in vitro and in liver tissues from patients with primary hepatocellular carcinoma.
        Oncogene. 1993; 8: 1109
        • Finkeistein S.D.
        • Coehlo-Little E.
        • Jeffers L.J.
        • et al.
        HCV exhibits a higher degree of mutability in patients with a background of alcohol abuse [abstract].
        Gastroenterology. 1993; 104: A901
        • Fong T.L.
        • DiBisceglie A.M.
        • Gerber M.A.
        • et al.
        Persistence of hepatitis B virus DNA in the liver after loss of HBsAg in chronic hepatitis B.
        Hepatology. 1993; 18: 1313
        • Fong T.L.
        • DiBisceglie A.M.
        • Waggoner J.G.
        • et al.
        The significance of antibody to hepatitis C virus in patients with chronic hepatitis B.
        Hepatology. 1991; 14: 64
        • Freni M.A.
        • Ajello A.
        • Resta M.L.
        • et al.
        HCV infection, hepatic HLA display and composition of the mononuclear cell inflammatory infiltrate in chronic alcoholic liver disease.
        Eur J Clin Invest. 1991; 21: 586
        • Fourel G.
        • Trepo C.
        • Bougueleret L.
        • et al.
        Frequent activation of N-myc genes by hepadnavirus insertion in woodchuck liver tumors.
        Nature. 1990; 347: 294
        • Gerken G.
        • Kremsdorf D.
        • Capei F.
        • et al.
        Hepatitis B defective virus with rearrangements in the preS gene during chronic HBV infection.
        Virology. 1991; 183: 555
        • Goeser T.
        • Muller H.
        • Solbach C.
        • et al.
        Patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis and concomitant hepatitis C viraemia are of increased risk to develop hepatocellular carcinoma [abstract].
        Gastroenterology. 1993; 104: A707
        • Gonzalez-Amaro R.
        • Garcia-Monzon C.
        • Garcia-Buey L.
        • et al.
        Induction of tumor necrosis factor a production by human hepatocytes in chronic viral hepatitis.
        J Exp Med. 1994; 179: 841
        • Goudeau A.
        • Maupas P.
        • Dubois F.
        • et al.
        Hepatitis B infection in alcoholic liver disease and primary hepatocellular carcinoma in France.
        Prog Med Virol. 1981; 27: 26
        • Grant B.F.
        • DeBakey S.
        • Zobeck T.S.
        Liver cirrhosis mortality in the United States, 1973-1988. US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC1991 (NIAAA Surveillance Report No. 18. DHHS Publication No. (ADM)281-89-0001.)
        • Hadengue A.
        • N’Dri N.
        • Benhamou J.P.
        Relative risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in HBsAg positive vs alcoholic cirrhosis. A cross-sectional study.
        Liver. 1990; 10: 147
        • Hasan F.
        • Jeffers L.J.
        • De Medina M.
        • et al.
        Hepatitis C-associated hepatocellular carcinoma.
        Hepatology. 1990; 12: 589
        • Hatada I.
        • Tokino T.
        • Ochiya T.
        • et al.
        Co-amplification of integrated hepatitis B virus DNA and transforming gene hst-1 in a hepatocellular carcinoma.
        Oncogene. 1988; 3: 537
        • Hislop W.S.
        • Follett E.A.C.
        • Bouchier I.A.D.
        • et al.
        Serological markers of hepatitis B in patients with alcoholic liver disease: A multicentre survey.
        J Clin Pathol. 1981; 34: 1017
        • Hohne M.
        • Schaefer S.
        • Seifer M.
        • et al.
        Malignant transformation of immortalized transgenic hepatocytes after transfection with hepatitis B virus DNA.
        EMBO J. 1990; 9: 1137
        • Horiike N.
        • Michika K.
        • Onji M.
        • et al.
        HBV-DNA hybridization in hepatocellular carcinoma associated with alcohol in Japan.
        J Med Virol. 1989; 28: 189
        • Hsu T.Y.
        • Moroy T.
        • Etiemble J.
        • et al.
        Activation of c-myc by woodchuck hepatitis virus insertion in hepatocellular carcinoma.
        Cell. 1988; 55: 627
        • Ikeda K.
        • Saitoh S.
        • Koida I.
        • et al.
        A multivariate analysis of risk factors for hepatocellular carcinogenesis: A prospective observation of 795 patients with viral and alcoholic cirrhosis.
        Hepatology. 1993; 18: 47

      53. Jiang JJ, Dubois F, Driss F, et al: Clinical impact of drug addiction in alcoholics. Alcohol Alcohol, in press

        • Joller-Jemelka H.I.
        • Wicki A.N.
        • Grob P.J.
        Detection of HBs antigen in “anti-HBc alone” positive sera.
        J Hepatol. 1994; 21: 269
        • Jung M.C.
        • Stemler M.
        • Weimer T.
        • et al.
        Immune response of peripheral blood mononuclear cells to HBx-antigen of hepatitis B virus.
        Hepatology. 1991; 13: 637
        • Kekule A.S.
        • Lauer U.
        • Weiss L.
        • et al.
        Hepatitis B virus transactivator HBx uses a tumour promoter signalling pathway.
        Nature. 1993; 361: 742
        • Kim C.M.
        • Koike K.
        • Saito I.
        • et al.
        HBx gene of hepatitis B virus induces liver cancer in transgenic mice.
        Nature. 1991; 351: 317
        • Kiyosawa K.
        • Sodeyama T.
        • Tanaka E.
        • et al.
        Interrelationship of blood transfusion, non-A, non-B hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma: analysis by detection of antibody to hepatitis C virus.
        Hepatology. 1990; 12: 671
        • Koike K.
        • Moriya K.
        • Iino S.
        • et al.
        High-level expression of hepatitis B virus HBx gene and hepatocarcinogenesis in transgenic mice.
        Hepatology. 1994; 19: 810
        • Koike K.
        • Moriya K.
        • Yotsuyanagi H.
        • et al.
        Induction of cell cycle progression by hepatitis B virus HBx gene expression in quiescent mouse fibroblasts.
        J Clin Invest. 1994; 94: 44
        • Korba B.E.
        • Wells F.V.
        • Baldwin B.
        • et al.
        Hepatocellular carcinoma in hepatitis virus-infected woodchucks: Presence of viral DNA in tumor tissue from chronic carriers and animals serologically recovered from acute infections.
        Hepatology. 1989; 9: 461
        • Lai M.E.
        • Farci P.
        • Figus A.
        • et al.
        Hepatitis B virus DNA in the serum of Sardinian blood donors negative for the hepatitis B surface antigen.
        Blood. 1989; 73: 17
        • Lamb R.G.
        • Koch J.C.
        • Snyder J.W.
        • et al.
        An in vitro model of ethanol-dependent liver cell injury.
        Hepatology. 1994; 19: 174
        • Laskus T.
        • Radkowski M.
        • Lupa E.
        • et al.
        Prevalence of markers of hepatitis viruses in out-patients alcoholics.
        J Hepatol. 1992; 15: 174
        • Laskus T.
        • Slusarczyk J.
        • Lupa E.
        • et al.
        Liver disease among Polish alcoholics. Contribution of chronic active hepatitis to liver pathology.
        Liver. 1990; 10: 221
        • Laurent-Puig P.
        • Dussaix E.
        • Lecoz Y.
        • et al.
        Prevalence of anti-hepatitis C virus antibodies among patients with alcoholic liver disease, supplemented by 4-RIBA [letter to the editor].
        Dig Dis Sei. 1992; 37: 156
        • Leandro G.
        • Colloredo G.
        • Cozzolongo R.
        • et al.
        Hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhotics patients: role of hepatitis B virus.
        Ital J Gastroenterol. 1990; 22: 66
        • Lee T.H.
        • Elledge S.J.
        • Butei J.S.
        Hepatitis B virus X protein interacts with a probable cellular DNA repair protein.
        J Virol. 1995; 69: 1107
        • Lehmann F.G.
        • Martini G.A.
        Incidence of primary liver cell carcinoma in liver cirrhosis: 5 year prospective study.
        Digestion. 1976; 14: 530
        • Liang J.T.
        • Jeffers L.J.
        • Rajender R.K.
        • et al.
        Viral pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma in the United States.
        Hepatology. 1993; 18: 1326
        • Lieber C.S.
        Biochemical factors in alcoholic liver disease.
        Semin Liver Dis. 1993; 13: 136
        • Marinos G.
        • Naoumov N.V.
        • Rossol S.
        • et al.
        Tumor necrosis factor receptors in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection.
        Gastroenterology. 1995; 108: 1453
        • Marion P.L.
        • Davelaar M.J.V.
        • Knight S.S.
        • et al.
        Hepatocellular carcinoma in ground squirrels persistently infected with ground squirrel hepatitis virus.
        Proc Natl Acad Sei USA. 1986; 83: 4543

      74. Matsuda Y, Takase S, Sawada M, et al: Effect of alcohol abuse on HCV replication. In Abstract Book of the 1993 International Symposium on Viral Hepatitis and Liver Disease (The 8th Triennal Congress). Tokyo, 1993, p 91

        • McClain C.
        • Hill D.
        • Schmidt J.
        • et al.
        Cytokines and alcoholic liver disease.
        Semin Liver Dis. 1993; 13: 170
        • Mendenhall C.L.
        • Seeff L.
        • Diehl A.M.
        • et al.
        Antibodies to hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus in alcoholic hepatitis and cirrhosis: Their prevalence and clinical relevance.
        Hepatology. 1991; 14: 581
        • Meyer M.
        • Caselmann W.H.
        • Schlüter V.
        • et al.
        Hepatitis B virus transactivator MHBs4: Activation of NF-κβ, selective inhibition by antioxidants and integral membrane localization.
        EMBO J. 1992; 11: 2991
        • Mills P.R.
        • Pennington T.H.
        • Kay P.
        • et al.
        Hepatitis B s antibody in alcoholic cirrhosis.
        J Clin Pathol. 1979; 32: 778
        • Miyakawa H.
        • Sato C.
        • Izumi N.
        • et al.
        Hepatitis C virus infection in alcoholic liver cirrhosis in Japan: Its contribution to the development of hepatocellular carcinoma.
        Alcohol Alcohol. 1993; 28S: 85
        • Moshage H.
        • Casini A.
        • Lieber C.S.
        Acetaldehyde selectively stimulates collagen production in cultured rat liver fat-storing cells but not in hepatocytes.
        Hepatology. 1990; 12: 511
        • Mufti S.J.
        • Eskelson C.D.
        • Odeleye O.E.
        • et al.
        Alcohol-associated generation of oxygen free radicals and tumor promotion.
        Alcohol Alcohol. 1993; 28: 621
        • Naccarato R.
        • Farinati F.
        Hepatocellular carcinoma, alcohol, and cirrhosis: Facts and hypotheses.
        Dig Dis Sei. 1991; 36: 1137
        • Nagaya T.
        • Nakamura T.
        • Tokino T.
        • et al.
        The mode of hepatitis B virus DNA integration in chromosomes of human hepatocellular carcinoma.
        Genes Dev. 1987; 1: 773
        • Nakanuma Y.
        • Ohta G.
        Morphology of cirrhosis and occurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma in alcoholics with and without HBsAg and in non-alcoholic HBsAg-positive patients. A comparative autopsy study.
        Liver. 1983; 3: 231
        • Nakatake H.
        • Chisaka O.
        • Yamamoto S.
        • et al.
        Effect of X protein on transactivation of hepatitis B virus promoters and on viral replication.
        Virology. 1993; 195: 305
        • Nalpas B.
        • Berthelot P.
        • Thiers V.
        • et al.
        Hepatitis B virus multiplication in the absence of usual serological markers—a study of 146 alcoholics.
        J Hepatol. 1985; 1: 89
        • Nalpas B.
        • Driss F.
        • Pol S.
        • et al.
        Association between HCV and HBV infection in hepatocellular carcinoma and alcoholic liver disease.
        J Hepatol. 1991; 12: 70
        • Nalpas B.
        • Pourcel C.
        • Feldmann G.
        • et al.
        Chronic alcohol intoxication decreases the serum level of hepatitis B surface antigen in transgenic mice.
        J Hepatol. 1992; 15: 118
        • Nalpas B.
        • Thiers V.
        • Pol S.
        • et al.
        Hepatitis C viremia and anti-HCV antibodies in alcoholics.
        J Hepatol. 1992; 14: 381
        • Nishiguchi S.
        • Kuroki T.
        • Yabusako T.
        • et al.
        Detection of hepatitis C virus antibodies and hepatitis C virus RNA in patients with alcoholic liver disease.
        Hepatology. 1991; 14: 985
        • Novick D.M.
        • Jenkins W.J.
        • Karayiannis P.
        • et al.
        A preliminary study of hepatitis B virus replication during short-term (7-day) social drinking.
        Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1987; 11: 556
        • Ohnishi K.
        • Iida S.
        • Iwama S.
        • et al.
        The effect of chronic habitual alcohol intake on the development of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma: Relation to hepatitis B surface antigen carriage.
        Cancer. 1982; 49: 672
        • Ohta Y.
        • Horiike N.
        • Michitaka K.
        • et al.
        Effect of alcohol on the replication of HBV and the integration of HBV-DNA into the liver cell of nuclei of patients with chronic hepatitis and hepatocarcinoma.
        in: Kuriyama K Takada A Ishii H Biomedical and Social Aspects of Alcohol and Alcoholism. Elsevier, Amsterdam1988: 827
        • Orholm M.
        • Aldershvile J.
        • Tage-Jensen U.
        Prevalence of hepatitis B infection among alcoholic patients with liver disease.
        J Clin Pathol. 1981; 34: 1378
        • Oshita M.
        • Hayashi N.
        • Kasahara A.
        • et al.
        Increased serum hepatitis C virus RNA levels among alcoholic patients with chronic hepatitis C.
        Hepatology. 1994; 20: 1115
        • Pares A.
        • Barrera J.M.
        • Caballeria J.
        • et al.
        Hepatitis C virus antibodies in chronic alcoholic patients: association with severity of liver injury.
        Hepatology. 1990; 12: 1295
        • Paronetto F.
        Immunologic reactions in alcoholic liver disease.
        Semin Liver Dis. 1993; 13: 183
        • Paterlini P.
        • Driss F.
        • Nalpas B.
        • et al.
        Persistence of hepatitis B and C viral genomes in primary liver cancers from HBsAg-negative patients: a study of a low-endemic area.
        Hepatology. 1993; 17: 20
        • Pol S.
        • Thiers V.
        • Nalpas B.
        • et al.
        Monoclonal anti-HBs antibodies radioimmunoassay and serum HBV-DNA hybridization as diagnostic tools of HBV infection: relative prevalence among HBsAg-negative alcoholics, patients with chronic hepatitis or hepatocellular carcinoma and blood donors.
        Eur J Clin Invest. 1987; 17: 515
        • Popper H.
        • Lieber C.S.
        Histogenesis of alcoholic fibrosis in the baboon.
        Am J Pathol. 1980; 98: 695
        • Popper H.
        • Roth L.
        • Purcell R.H.
        • et al.
        Hepatocarcinogenicity of the woodchuck hepatitis virus.
        Proc Natl Acad Sei USA. 1987; 84: 866
        • Poynard T.
        • Aubert A.
        • Lazizi Y.
        • et al.
        Independent risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma in French drinkers.
        Hepatology. 1991; 13: 896
        • Renard P.
        • Hillon P.
        • Bedenne L.
        • et al.
        Marqueurs du virus B et alcoolisme chronique. Prévalence et facteurs favorisants.
        Ann Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1991; 27: 7
        • Rogier C.E.
        • Sherman M.
        • Su C.Y.
        • et al.
        Deletion in chromosome lip associated with a hepatitis B integration site in hepatocellular carcinoma.
        Science. 1985; 230: 319
        • Rubin E.
        • Lieber C.S.
        Fatty liver, alcoholic hepatitis and cirrhosis produced by alcohol in primates.
        N Engl J Med. 1974; 290: 128
        • Sakamuro D.
        • Furukawa T.
        • Takegami T.
        Hepatitis C virus nonstructural protein NS3 transforms NIH 3T3 cells.
        J Virol. 1995; 69: 3893
        • Saunders J.B.
        • Wodak A.D.
        • Morgan-Capner P.
        • et al.
        Importance of markers of hepatitis B virus in alcoholic liver disease.
        Br Med J. 1983; 286: 1851
        • Shimizu S.
        • Kiyosawa K.
        • Sodeyama T.
        • et al.
        High prevalence of antibody to hepatitis C virus in heavy drinkers with chronic liver diseases in Japan.
        J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1992; 7: 30
        • Shiomi S.
        • Kuroki T.
        • Minamitani S.
        • et al.
        Effect of drinking on the outcome of cirrhosis in patients with hepatitis B or C.
        J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1992; 7: 274
        • Slagle B.L.
        • Zhou Z.Y.
        • Butei J.S.
        Hepatitis B virus integration event in human chromosome 17p near the p53 gene identifies the region of the chromosome.
        Cancer Res. 1991; 51: 49
        • Sorensen T.I.A.
        • Orholm M.
        • Bentsen K.D.
        • et al.
        Prospective evaluation of alcohol abuse and alcoholic injury in men as predictors of development of cirrhosis.
        Lancet. 1984; 2: 241
        • Sorrell M.F.
        • Zetterman R.K.
        • Donovan J.P.
        Alcoholic hepatitis and liver transplantation: The controversy continues.
        Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1994; 18: 222
        • Takada S.
        • Gotoh Y.
        • Hayashi S.
        • et al.
        Structural rearrangement of integrated hepatitis B virus DNA as well as cellular flanking DNA is present in chronically infected hepatic tissues.
        J Virol. 1990; 64: 822
        • Takase S.
        • Tsutsumi M.
        • Kawahara H.
        • et al.
        The alcohol-altered liver membrane antibody and hepatitis C virus infection in the progression of alcoholic liver disease.
        Hepatology. 1993; 17: 9
        • Thiers V.
        • Nakajima E.
        • Kremsdorf D.
        • et al.
        Transmission of hepatitis B from hepatitis-B-seronegative subjects.
        Lancet. 1988; 2: 1273
        • Tokino T.
        • Fukushige S.
        • Nakamura T.
        • et al.
        Chromosomal translocation and inverted duplication associated with integrated hepatitis B virus in hepatocellular carcinomas.
        J Virol. 1987; 61: 3848
        • Tsai S.L.
        • Liaw Y.F.
        • Yeh C.T.
        • et al.
        Cellular immune responses in patients with dual infection of hepatitis B and C viruses: Dominant role of hepatitis C virus.
        Hepatology. 1995; 21: 908
        • Uchida T.
        • Shimojima M.
        • Gotoh K.
        • et al.
        “Silent” HBV mutants are responsible for non-A, non-B, non-C, non-D, non-E hepatitis.
        Microbiol Immunol. 1994; 38: 281
        • Uchida T.
        • Shimojima M.
        • Gotoh K.
        • et al.
        Pathology of livers infected with “silent” hepatitis B virus mutant.
        Liver. 1994; 14: 251
        • Ueda H.
        • Ullrich S.J.
        • Gangemi J.D.
        • et al.
        Functional inactivation but not structural mutation of p53 causes liver cancer.
        Nature Genet. 1995; 9: 41
        • Vetter D.
        • Doffoel M.
        • Gut J.P.
        • et al.
        Virus de Thépatite B, marqueurs sérologiques d’infections virales et immunité humorale au cours de la cirrhose alcoolique.
        Gastroenterol Clin Biol. 1985; 9: 389
        • Villa E.
        • Baldini G.
        • DiStabile S.
        • et al.
        Alcohol and hepatitis B virus infection.
        Acta Med Scand. 1985; 703: 97
        • Von Weizsäcker F.
        • Blum H.E.
        • Wands J.R.
        Polymerase chain reaction analysis of hepatitis B virus DNA in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded liver biopsies from alcoholics using a simplified and standardized amplification protocol.
        J Hepatol. 1994; 20: 646
        • Walter E.
        • Blum H.E.
        • Meier P.
        • et al.
        Hepatocellular carcinoma in alcoholic liver disease: no evidence for a pathogenic role of hepatitis B virus infection.
        Hepatology. 1988; 8: 745
        • Wands J.R.
        • Fujita Y.
        • Isselbacher K.J.
        • et al.
        Identification and transmission of hepatitis B virus-related variants.
        Proc Natl Acad Sei USA. 1986; 83: 6608
        • Wang J.
        • Chenivesse X.
        • Henglein B.
        • et al.
        Hepatitis B virus integration in a cyclin A gene in a hepatocellular carcinoma.
        Nature. 1990; 343: 555
        • Wang J.T.
        • Wang T.H.
        • Sheu J.C.
        • et al.
        Detection of hepatitis B virus DNA by polymerase chain reaction in plasma of blood donors negative for hepatitis B surface antigen.
        J Infect Dis. 1991; 163: 397
        • Wang W.
        • London W.T.
        • Feitelson M.A.
        Hepatitis B x antigen in hepatitis B virus carrier patients with liver cancer.
        Cancer Res. 1991; 51: 4971
        • Wang W.
        • London W.T.
        • Lega L.
        • et al.
        HBxAg in the liver from carrier patients with chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis.
        Hepatology. 1991; 14: 29
        • Wang X.W.
        • Forrester K.
        • Yeh H.
        • et al.
        Hepatitis B virus X protein inhibits p53 sequence-specific DNA binding, transcriptional activity, and association with transcription factor ERCC3.
        Proc Natl Acad Sei USA. 1994; 91: 2230
        • Wollersheim M.
        • Debelka U.
        • Hofschneider P.H.
        A trans-activating function encoded in the hepatitis B virus x gene is conserved in the integrated state.
        Oncogene. 1988; 3: 545
        • Wu J.Y.
        • Zhou Z.Y.
        • Judd A.
        • et al.
        The hepatitis B virus encoded transcriptional transactivator hbx appears to be a novel protein serine/threonine kinase.
        Cell. 1990; 63: 687
        • Zarski J.P.
        • Thelu M.A.
        • Moulin C.
        • et al.
        Interest of the detection of hepatitis C virus RNA in patients with alcoholic liver disease. Comparison with the HBV status.
        J Hepatol. 1993; 17: 10
        • Zhu M.
        • London W.T.
        • Duan L-X
        • et al.
        The value of hepatitis B x antigen as a prognostic marker in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma.
        Int J Cancer. 1993; 55: 571
        • Zignego A.L.
        • Foschi M.
        • Laffi G.
        • et al.
        Inapparent hepatitis B virus infection and hepatitis C virus replication in alcoholic subjects with and without liver disease.
        Hepatology. 1994; 19: 577

      Article info

      Identification

      DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-2712(18)30269-5

      Copyright

      © 1996 Elsevier Inc. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

      ScienceDirect

      Access this article on ScienceDirect

      The content on this site is intended for healthcare professionals.


      We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content. To update your cookie settings, please visit the Cookie Preference Center for this site.
      Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. except certain content provided by third parties.


      RELX