Advertisement
Research Article| Volume 16, ISSUE 3, P697-716, September 1996

Tuberculosis Bacteriology Laboratory Services and Incremental Protocols for Developing Countries

  • Laszlo Adalbert
    Correspondence
    Address reprint requests to: Adalbert Laszlo, PhD, National Reference Center for Tuberculosis, Laboratory Center for Disease Control, Health Canada Building #8, Tunney’s Pasture, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0L2, Canada
    Affiliations
    From the National Reference Center for Tuberculosis, Laboratory Center for Disease Control, Health Canada, and the World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Tuberculosis Bacteriology Research, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
    Search for articles by this author
      This paper is only available as a PDF. To read, Please Download here.
      Tuberculosis causes more deaths worldwide than any other single infectious disease. Most new cases occur in developing countries, where the emergence of HIV/AIDS-associated multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis could disrupt the effective delivery of chemotherapy. Diagnosis, one of the cornerstones of the modern national tuberculosis control programs in developing countries, is based on sputum smear microscopy, which can be delivered effectively only through a national laboratory network. Tuberculosis diagnostic services can be delivered in lock step with the expanding laboratory network in an incremental manner, beginning with the simplest procedure and ending with the most sophisticated ones.
      To read this article in full you will need to make a payment

      Purchase one-time access:

      Academic & Personal: 24 hour online accessCorporate R&D Professionals: 24 hour online access
      One-time access price info
      • For academic or personal research use, select 'Academic and Personal'
      • For corporate R&D use, select 'Corporate R&D Professionals'

      Subscribers receive full online access to your subscription and archive of back issues up to and including 2002.

      Content published before 2002 is available via pay-per-view purchase only.

      Subscribe:

      Subscribe to Clinics in Laboratory Medicine
      Already a print subscriber? Claim online access
      Already an online subscriber? Sign in
      Institutional Access: Sign in to ScienceDirect

      References

        • Allen B.W.
        Survival of tubercle bacilli in heat-fixed sputum smears.
        J Clin Pathol. 1981; 34: 719-722
        • Angerano G.
        • Carbonara D.
        • Costa D.
        • et al.
        Drug resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains isolated from HIV-infected Italian patients: preliminary report from a multicentric study.
        Microbiologica. 1995; 18: 69-72
        • Athkravisoonthom A.
        • Rajchareonkij S.
        • Puodchantuk C.
        Study of drug resistance in tuberculosis among new patients of the Zonal Tuberculosis Center, Nakornrajasima [abstract].
        Com Dis J. 1987; 11: 226
        • Basch P.F.
        Technology transfer to the developing world: Does new technology have any relevance for developing countries?.
        Tuber Lung Dis. 1993; 74: 353-358
        • Canetti G.
        • Froman S.
        • Grosset J.
        • Hauduroy P.
        • et al.
        Mycobacteria: laboratory methods for testing drug sensitivity and resistance.
        Bull World Health Organ. 1963; 29: 565-578
        • Canetti G.
        • Fox W.
        • Khomenko
        • et al.
        Advances in techniques of testing mycobacterial drug sensitivity and the use of sensitivity tests in tuberculosis control programs.
        Bull World Health Organ. 1969; 41: 21-43
        • Castets M.
        • Rist N.
        • Boisvert M.
        La varieté africaine du bacille tuberculeux humain.
        Medicine d’Afrique Noire. 1969; 16: 321-322
        • Collins C.H.
        • Grange J.M.
        • Yates M.D.
        Unusual opportunistic Mycobacteria.
        Med Lab Sei. 1986; 43: 262-268
        • Chaulet P.
        The supply of antituberculosis drugs: price evolution.
        Tuber Lung Dis. 1995; 76: 261-263
        • de Kantor I.N.
        • Isola N.C.
        Culture of M. tuberculosis from non-fixed sputum smears.
        Tubercle. 1985; 66: 137-139
        • De Caluwe P.
        • Everaerts M.C.
        • Duffour B.
        • et al.
        Resistance initiale à la streptomycine, Tisoniazide, la thiacetazone, la rifampicine et Léthambutol chez les tuberculeux bacillifères au Zaire.
        Ann Soc Beige Med Trop. 1989; 69: 143-147
        • Dolin P.J.
        • Raviglione M.C.
        • Kochi A.
        Global tuberculosis incidence and mortality during 1990-2000.
        Bull World Health Organ. 1994; 72: 213-220
        • Dolin P.J.
        • Raviglione M.C.
        • Kochi A.
        Estimates of future global tuberculosis morbidity and mortality.
        Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1993; 42: 961-964
        • Edlin B.R.
        • Tokars J.I.
        • Grieco M.H.
        • et al.
        An outbreak of multidrug resistant tuberculosis among hospitalized patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
        N Engl J Med. 1992; 326: 1514-1521
        • Elliott A.
        • Luo N.
        • Tembo G.
        • et al.
        The impact of human immunodeficiency virus on tuberculosis in Zambia: A cross sectional study.
        Br Med J. 1990; 301: 412-415
        • Enarson D.A.
        The International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease model National Tuberculosis Programs.
        Tuber Lung Dis. 1995; 76: 95-99
        • Githui W.
        • Nunn P.
        • Juma E.
        • et al.
        Cohort study of HIV-positive and HIV-negative tuberculosis, Nairobi, Kenya: Comparison of bacteriological results.
        Tuber Lung Dis. 1992; 73: 203-209
        • Good R.C.
        Opportunistic pathogens in the genus Mycobacterium.
        Ann Rev Microbiol. 1985; 39: 347-369
        • Grosset J.
        • Mouton Y.
        Is PCR a useful tool for the diagnosis of tuberculosis in 1995?.
        Tuber Lung Dis. 1995; 76: 183-184
        • Kim S.J.
        • Hong Y.P.
        Drug resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Korea.
        Tuber Lung Dis. 1992; 73: 219-224
      1. Kleeberg HH, Olivier MS: A World Atlas of Initial Drug Resistance, ed 2. Pretoria, South Africa, Tuberculosis Research Institute of the South African Medical Research Council (MRC), 1984

        • Krishnaswami K.V.
        • Venkatesan R.
        • Parthasarathy R.
        Prevalence of initial drug resistance among patients attending the clinics of Madras City.
        Indian J Tuber. 1984; 31: 164-167
        • Laszlo A.
        • de Kantor I.N.
        A random sample of initial drug resistance among tuberculosis cases in Latin America.
        Bull World Health Organ. 1994; 72: 603-610
        • Laszlo A.
        • Gill P.
        • Handzel V.
        • et al.
        Conventional and radiometric drug susceptibility testing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex.
        J Clin Microbiol. 1983; 18: 1335-1339
        • Laszlo A.
        • Siddiqi S.
        Evaluation of a rapid radiometric differentiation test for the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex by selective inhibition with para-Nitro-alpha-acetylamino-beta-hydroxypropiophenone.
        J Clin Microbiol. 1984; 19: 694-698
      2. Manual of Technical Standards and Procedures for Tuberculosis Bacteriology: PAHO/ WHO Advisory Committee on Tuberculosis Bacteriology. Technical note 27.11. The culture of Mycobacterium tuberculosis

      3. Manual of Technical Standards and Procedures for Tuberculosis Bacteriology. PAHO/ WHO Advisory Committee on Tuberculosis Bacteriology. Technical note 28.III. Sensitivity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to drugs. Identification of mycobacteria. Buenos Aires, Centro Panamericano de Zoonosis, 1983

      4. Manual of Technical Standards and Procedures for Tuberculosis Bacteriology. PAHO/ WHO Advisory Committee on Tuberculosis Bacteriology. Technical note 29.IV. Organization of tuberculosis bacteriology laboratories. Buenos Aires, Centro Panamericano de Zoonosis, 1987

        • Middlebrook G.
        • Reggiardo Z.
        • Tiggert W.D.
        Automatable radiometric detection of growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in selective media.
        Am Rev Resp Dis. 1977; 115: 1067-1069
        • Mitchison D.A.
        • Nunn A.J.
        Influence of initial drug resistance on the response to short course chemotherapy of pulmonary tuberculosis.
        Am Rev Respir Dis. 1986; 133: 423-430
        • Morgan M.A.
        • Horstmeier C.D.
        • DeYoung D.R.
        • et al.
        Comparison of a radiometric method (BACTEC) and conventional culture media for recovery of mycobacteria from smearnegative specimens.
        J Clin Microbiol. 1983; 18: 384-388
        • Nunn P.
        • Felten M.
        Surveillance of resistance to antituberculosis drugs in developing countries.
        Tuber Lung Dis. 1994; 75: 163-167
        • O’Reilly L.M.
        • Daborn C.J.
        The epidemiology of Mycobacterium bovis infections in animals and man: A review.
        Tuber Lung Dis. 1995; 76: 1-46
        • Pearson M.L.
        • Jereb J.A.
        • Friede T.R.
        • et al.
        Nosocomial transmission of multi-drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis: A risk to patients and health care workers.
        Ann Intern Med. 1992; 117: 191-196
        • Petersen K.F.
        Methods for internal quality control in the mycobacteriology laboratory.
        Zentralbl Bakteriol A. 1983; 255: 503-510
        • Petroff S.A.
        A new and rapid method for the isolation and cultivation of tubercle bacilli from the sputum and feces.
        J Exp Med. 1915; 21: 38-42
        • Pitchenik A.
        Tuberculosis control and the AIDS epidemic in developing countries.
        Ann Intern Med. 1990; 113: 89-91
        • Raviglione M.C.
        • Snider D.E.
        • Kochi A.
        Global epidemiology of tuberculosis. Morbidity and mortality of a worldwide epidemic.
        JAMA. 1995; 273: 220-226
        • Ritacco V.
        • de Kantor I.N.
        Zoonotic tuberculosis in Latin America.
        J Clin Microbiol. 1992; 30: 3299-3300
        • Roberts G.D.
        • Goodman N.L.
        • Heifets L.
        • et al.
        Evaluation of the BACTEC radiometric method for the recovery of mycobacteria and drug susceptibility testing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from acid-fast smear-positive specimens.
        J Clin Microbiol. 1983; 18: 689-696
        • Schultzer M.
        • Fitzgerald J.M.
        • Enarson D.A.
        • et al.
        An estimate of the future size of the tuberculosis problem in sub-Saharan Africa resulting from HIV infection.
        Tuber Lung Dis. 1992; 73: 52-58
        • Sudre P.
        • ten Dam G.
        • Kochi A.
        Tuberculosis: A global overview of the situation today.
        Bull World Health Organ. 1992; 70: 149-159
        • Sunderam G.
        • McDonald R.
        • Maniatis T.
        • et al.
        Tuberculosis as a manifestation of AIDS.
        JAMA. 1986; 256: 362-369
        • Tahaoglu K.
        • Kizkin Ö
        • Karagöz T.
        • et al.
        High initial and acquired drug resistance in pulmonary tuberculosis in Turkey.
        Tuber Lung Dis. 1994; 75: 324-328
      5. Technical Guide for Sputum Examination for Tuberculosis by Direct Microscopy.
        Bulletin of the International Union Against Tuberculosis suppl. 1978; 2: 4-16
      6. The WHO Global Project on Antituberculosis Drug Resistance Surveillance. WHO/ TB/TRAC/95.3, 1995

      7. The Ministry of Health and Social Affairs and the Korean National Tuberculosis Association: Report on the 5th Tuberculosis Prevalence Survey in Korea, 1985

        • The World Health Report
        Bridging the gaps report of the Director-General. World Health Organization, Geneva1995
        • Toman K.
        Sensitivity, specificity and predictive value of diagnostic tests.
        Bull Int Union Against Tuberc. 1981; 56: 18-28
      8. Toure IM, et al: Etudes bacteriologiques de 235 expectorations provenant du service National de la tuberculose de la Republique du Mali. OCCGE Center Muraz Section Biologie (Unité Tuberculose) 1980. In Kleeberg HH, Oliver MS (eds): A World Atlas of Initial Drug Resistance. Tuberculosis Research Institute of the South African Medical Research Council (MRC), ed 2, rev, 1984

      9. Tuberculosis Control: A Manual on Methods and Procedures for Integrated Programs. Pan American Health Organization, Scientific Publication no. 498, 1986

        • van Embden J.D.A.
        • Cave M.D.
        • Crawford J.T.
        • et al.
        Strain identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by DNA fingerprinting: Recommendations for a standardized methodology.
        J Clin Microbiol. 1993; 31: 406-409
        • van der Werf T.S.
        • Groothuis D.G.
        • Van Klingeren B.
        High initial drug resistance in pulmonary tuberculosis in Ghana.
        Tubercle. 1989; 70: 249-255
        • Williams D.L.
        • Waguespack C.
        • Eisenach K.
        • et al.
        Characterization of rifampin resistance in pathogenic mycobacteria.
        Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1994; 38: 2380-2386
        • Wolde K.
        • Lemma E.
        • Abdi A.
        Primary resistance to the major anti tuberculosis drugs in Ethiopia.
        Ethiop Med J. 1986; 24: 15-18
        • World Health Organization, Global Program on AIDS
        The current global situation of the HIV/AIDS pandemic.
        Weekly Epidemiological Record. 1994; 69: 189-196
      10. World Health Organization: First Program Report (1989-1990) and Future Plan (1991-1995): Global Tuberculosis Situation and Tuberculosis Control Programs, WHO/TB 191-195, 1991

        • Zhang L.X.
        • Kan G.Q.
        • Tu D.H.
        • et al.
        Trend of initial drug resistance of tubercle bacilli isolated from new patients with pulmonary tuberculosis and its correlation with the tuberculosis program in Beijing.
        Tuber Lung Dis. 1995; 76: 100-103
        • Ziehl F.
        Zur Färbung des tuberkelbacilus.
        Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 1882; 103: 451