Advertisement
Research Article| Volume 19, ISSUE 4, P833-847, December 1999

Implications of Prognostic Markers in Brain Tumors

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-2712(18)30093-3
Implications of Prognostic Markers in Brain Tumors
Previous ArticleThe Impact of Molecular Diagnostic Tests on Patient Outcomes
Next ArticlePathology Imaging on the Web: Extending the Role of the Pathologist as Educator to Patients
      This paper is only available as a PDF. To read, Please Download here.
      Prognoses for patients with solid brain tumors are based on a variety of patient characteristics and on the histological type and grade of the tumor; however, there are well-recognized subpopulations of patients with particular types and grades of tumors for which this patient and histologic information unreliably predicts prognosis. In an effort to improve brain tumor prognostic accuracy, especially in these difficult cases, recent intensive investigation has been devoted to identifying molecular markers of prognosis in brain tumors. The usefulness of five widely-studied potential prognostic markers (MIB-1, telomerase, p53/EGFR, BCL-2) is discussed, based on current evidence in the literature.
      To read this article in full you will need to make a payment

      Purchase one-time access:

      Academic & Personal: 24 hour online accessCorporate R&D Professionals: 24 hour online access
      One-time access price info
      • For academic or personal research use, select 'Academic and Personal'
      • For corporate R&D use, select 'Corporate R&D Professionals'

      Subscribers receive full online access to your subscription and archive of back issues up to and including 2002.

      Content published before 2002 is available via pay-per-view purchase only.

      Subscribe:

      Subscribe to Clinics in Laboratory Medicine
      Already a print subscriber? Claim online access
      Already an online subscriber? Sign in
      Register: Create an account
      Institutional Access: Sign in to ScienceDirect

      References

        • Allegranza A.
        • Girlando S.
        • Arrigoni G.
        • et al.
        Proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression in central nervous system neoplasms.
        Virchows Arch. 1991; 419: 417
        • Benhattar J.
        • Cerottini J.
        • Saraga E.
        • et al.
        p53 mutations as a possible predictor of response to chemotherapy in metastatic colorectal carcinomas.
        Int J Cancer. 1996; 69: 190
        • Bouffet E.
        • Perilongo G.
        • Canete A.
        • et al.
        Intracranial ependymomas in children: A critical review of prognostic factors and a plea for cooperation.
        Med Pediatr Oncol. 1998; 30: 319
        • Burke H.
        • Henson D.
        Specimen banks for cancer prognostic factor research.
        Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1998; 122: 871
        • Campomenosi P.
        • Ottaggio L.
        • Moro F.
        • et al.
        Study on aneupolidy and p53 mutations in astrocytomas.
        Cancer Genet Cytogenet. 1996; 88: 95
        • Carroll R.
        • Zhang J.
        • Chauncey B.
        • et al.
        Apoptosis in astocytic neoplasms.
        Acta Neurochir. 1997; 139: 845
        • Cavalia P.
        • Schiffer D.
        Cell cycle and proliferation markers in neuroepithelial tumors.
        Anticancer Res. 1997; 17: 4135
        • Chong E.
        • Lam P.
        • Poon W.
        • et al.
        Telomerase expression in gliomas including the nonastrocytic tumors.
        Hum Pathol. 1998; 29: 599
        • Coons S.
        • Johnson P.
        • Pearl D.
        The prognostic significance of Ki-67 labeling indices for oligodendrogliomas.
        Neurosurgery. 1997; 41: 878
        • Counter C.
        • Hirte H.
        • Bacchetti S.
        • et al.
        Telomerase activity in human ovarian carcinoma.
        Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1994; 91: 2900
        • Cruz Sanchez F.
        • Ferreres J.
        • Figols J.
        • et al.
        Prognostic analysis of astrocytic gliomas correlating histological parameters with the proliferating cell nuclear antigen labelling index (PCNA-LI).
        Histol Histopathol. 1997; 12: 43
        • Cunningham J.
        • Kimmei D.
        • Scheithauer B.
        • et al.
        Analysis of proliferation markers and p53 expression in gliomas of astrocytic origin: Relationships and prognostic value.
        J Neurosurg. 1997; 86: 121
        • Daumas-Duport C.
        • Scheithauer B.
        • O’Fallon J.
        • et al.
        Grading of astrocytomas: A simple and reproducible method.
        Cancer. 1988; 62: 2152
        • Dehghani F.
        • Schachenmayr W.
        • Laun A.
        • et al.
        Prognostic implication of the immunohistochemical and clinical features of oligodendrogliomas: A study of 89 cases.
        Acta Neuropathol. 1998; 95: 493
        • DeMasters B.
        • Markham N.
        • Lillehei K.
        • et al.
        Differential telomerase expression in human primary intracranial tumors.
        Am J Clin Pathol. 1997; 107: 548
        • Di X.
        • Nishizaki T.
        • Harada K.
        • et al.
        Proliferative potentials of glioma cells and vascular components determined with monoclonal antibody MIB-1.
        J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 1997; 16: 153
        • Dirven C.
        • Koudstaal J.
        • Mooij J.
        • et al.
        The proliferative potential of pilocytic astrocytoma: The relation between MIB-1 labeling and clinical and neuro-radiological followup.
        J Neurooncol. 1998; 37: 9
        • Dropcho E.J.
        • Soong S.J.
        The prognostic impact of prior low grade histology in patients with anaplastic gliomas: A case-control study.
        Neurology. 1996; 47: 684
        • Ehrmann J.
        • Kolar Z.
        • Vojteskek B.
        • et al.
        Prognostic factors in astrocytomas: Relationship of p53, MDM-2, BCL-2 and PCNA immunohistochemical expression to tumor grade and overall patient survival.
        Neoplasma. 1997; 44: 299
        • Enestrom S.
        • Vavruch L.
        • FrAnlund B.
        • et al.
        Ki-67 antigen expression as a prognostic factor in primary and recurrent astrocytomas.
        Neurochirurgie. 1998; 44: 25
        • Fujimaki T.
        • Matsuno A.
        • Sasaki T.
        • et al.
        Proliferative activity of central neurocytoma: Measurement of tumor volume doubling time MIB-1 staining index and bromodeoxyuridine labeling index.
        J Neurooncol. 1997; 32: 103
        • Fulci G.
        • Ishii N.
        • Van Meir E.
        p53 and brain tumors: From gene mutations to gene therapy.
        Brain Path. 1998; 8: 599
        • Galanis E.
        • Buckner J.C.
        • Dinapoli R.P.
        • et al.
        Clinical outcome of gliosarcoma compared with glioblastoma multiforme: North Central Cancer Treatment Group results.
        J Neurosurg. 1998; 89: 425
        • Gundersen S.
        • Lote K.
        • Hannisdal E.
        Prognostic factors for glioblastoma multiforme-development of a prognostic index.
        Acta Oncol. 1996; 35: 123
        • Hall P.
        • Coates P.
        Assessment of cell proliferation in pathology-what next?.
        Histopathology. 1995; 26: 105
        • Hall W.
        • Merril M.
        • Walbridge S.
        • et al.
        Epidermal growth factor receptors on ependymomas and other brain tumors.
        J Neurosurg. 1990; 72: 641
        • Hara A.
        • Hirose Y.
        • Yoshimi N.
        • et al.
        Expression of Bax and bcl-2 proteins, regulators of programmed cell death, in human brain tumors.
        Neurol Res. 1997; 19: 623
        • Hiyama E.
        • Hiyama K.
        • Yokoyma T.
        • et al.
        Correlating telomerase activity levels with human neuroblastoma outcomes.
        Nat Med. 1995; 1: 249
        • Ho D.M.
        • Wong T.
        • Hsu C.
        • et al.
        MIB-1 labeling index in nonpilocytic astrocytoma of childhood.
        Cancer. 1998; 82: 2459
        • Hoshi M.
        • Yoshida K.
        • Shimazaki K.
        • et al.
        Correlation between MIB-1 staining indices and recurrence in low-grade astrocytomas.
        Brain Tumor Pathol. 1997; 14: 47
        • Iwadate Y.
        • Fujimoto S.
        • Tagawa M.
        • et al.
        Association of p53 gene mutation with chemosensitivity in human malignant gliomas.
        Int J Cancer. 1996; 69: 236
        • Karamitopoulou E.
        • Perentes E.
        • Tolnay M.
        • et al.
        Prognostic significance of MIB-1, p53, and bcl-2 immunoreactivity in meningiomas.
        Hum Pathol. 1998; 29: 140
        • Kerr J.
        • Winterford C.
        • Harmon B.
        Apoptosis, its significance in cancer and cancer therapy.
        Cancer. 1994; 73: 2013
        • Khoshyomm S.
        • Maier H.
        • Morimura T.
        • et al.
        Immunostaining for proliferating cell nuclear antigen: Its role in determination of proliferation in routinely processed human brain tumor specimens.
        Acta Neuropathol. 1993; 86: 582
        • Kordek R.
        • Biernat W.
        • Alwasiak J.
        • et al.
        Proliferative cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and Ki-67 immunoreactivity in human astrocytic tumours.
        Acta Neurochir. 1996; 138: 509
        • Korkolopoulou P.
        • Christodoulou P.
        • Kouzelis K.
        • et al.
        MDM2 and p53 expression in gliomas: A multivariate survival analysis including proliferation markers and epidermal growth factor receptor.
        Br J Cancer. 1997; 75: 1269
        • Korkolopoulou P.
        • Kouzelis K.
        • Christodoulou P.
        • et al.
        Expression of retinoblastoma gene product and p21 (WAFl/Cip 1) protein in gliomas: Correlations with proliferation markers, p53 expression, and survival.
        Acta Neuropathol. 1998; 95: 617
        • Kros J.
        • Hop W.
        • Godschalk J.
        • et al.
        Prognostic value of the proliferation-related antigen Ki-67 in oligodendrogliomas.
        Cancer. 1996; 78: 1107
        • Lang F.F.
        • Miller D.C.
        • Koslow M.
        • et al.
        Pathways leading to glioblastoma multiforme: A molecular analysis of genetic alterations in 65 astrocytic tumors.
        J Neurosurg. 1994; 81: 427
        • Langford L.
        • Piatyszek M.
        • Schold S.
        • et al.
        Telomerase activity in human brain tumours.
        Lancet. 1995; 346: 1267
        • Latif A.Z.
        • Signorini D.
        • Gregor A.
        • et al.
        Application of the MRC brain tumour prognostic index to patients with malignant glioma not managed in randomised control trial.
        J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1998; 64: 747
        • Le S.
        • Zhu J.
        • Anthony D.
        • et al.
        Telomerase activity in human gliomas.
        Neurosurgery. 1998; 42: 1120
        • Leenstra S.
        • Oskam N.
        • Bijleveld E.
        • et al.
        Genetic sub-types of human malignant astrocytoma correlate with survival.
        Int J Cancer. 1998; 79: 159
        • Lote K.
        • Egeland T.
        • Hager B.
        • et al.
        Survival, prognostic factors, and therapeutic efficacy in low-grade glioma: A retrospective study in 379 patients.
        J Clin Oncol. 1997; 15: 3129
        • Louis D.
        • Edgerton S.
        • Thor A.
        • et al.
        Proliferating cell nuclear antigen and Ki-67 immunohistochemistry in brain tumors: A comparative study.
        Acta Neuropathol. 1991; 81: 675
        • Maruno M.
        • Kovach J.
        • Kelly P.
        • et al.
        Transforming growth factor-alpha, epidermal growth factor receptor, and proliferating potential in benign and malignant gliomas.
        J Neurosurg. 1991; 75: 97
        • Matsuno A.
        • Sasaki T.
        • Nagashima T.
        • et al.
        Immunohistochemical examination of proliferative potentials and the expression of cell cycle-related proteins of intracranial chordomas.
        Hum Pathol. 1997; 28: 714
        • McCarthy B.J.
        • Davis F.G.
        • Freels S.
        • et al.
        Factors associated with survival in patients with meningioma.
        J Neurosurg. 1998; 88: 831
        • McCormick D.
        • Chong H.
        • Hobbs C.
        • et al.
        Detection of the Ki67 antigen in fixed and wax embedded sections with the monoclonal antibody MIB1.
        Histopathology. 1993; 22: 355
        • McKeever P.
        • Ross D.
        • Strawderman M.
        • et al.
        A comparison of the predictive power for survival in gliomas provided by MIB-1, bromodeoxyuridine and proliferating cell nuclear antigen with histopathologic and clinical parameters.
        J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 1997; 56: 798
        • Morii K.
        • Tanaka R.
        • Onda K.
        • et al.
        Expression of telomerase RNA, telomerase activity, and telomere length in human gliomas.
        Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1997; 239: 830
        • Muhammad A.
        • Yoshimine T.
        • Maruno M.
        • et al.
        Chromosome 17 allelic loss in astrocytic tumors and its clinico-pathologic implications.
        Clin Neuropathol. 1997; 16: 220
        • Nakatani K.
        • Yoshimai N.
        • Mori H.
        • et al.
        The significant role of telomerase activity in human brain tumors.
        Cancer. 1997; 80: 471
        • Newcomb E.
        • Bhalla S.
        • Parrish C.
        • et al.
        bcl-2 protein expression in astrocytomas in relation to patient survival and p53 gene status.
        Acta Neuropathol. 1997; 94: 369
        • Ng H.
        • Lam P.
        The molecular genetics of central nervous system tumors.
        Pathology. 1998; 30: 196
        • Olson J.
        • Barnett D.
        • Yang J.
        • et al.
        Gene amplification as a prognostic factor in primary brain tumors.
        Clin Cancer Res. 1998; 4: 215
        • Peraud A.
        • Watanabe K.
        • Plate K.
        • et al.
        p53 mutations versus EGF receptor expression in giant cell glioblastomas.
        J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 1997; 56: 1236
        • Perry A.
        • Stafford S.
        • Scheithauer B.
        • et al.
        The prognostic significance of MIB-1, p53, and DNA flow cytometry in completely resected primary memingiomas.
        Cancer. 1998; 82: 2262
        • Pierce E.
        • Doshi R.
        • Deane R.
        PCNA and Ki-67 labelling indices in pre-irradiated and post-irradiated astrocytomas: A comparative immunohistochemical analysis for evaluation of proliferative activity.
        Mol Pathol. 1998; 51: 90
        • Pollack I.F.
        • Campbell J.W.
        • Hamilton R.L.
        • et al.
        Proliferation index as a predictor of prognosis in malignant gliomas of childhood.
        Cancer. 1997; 79: 849
        • Pollack I.
        • Hamilton R.
        • Finkeistein S.
        • et al.
        The relationship between TP53 mutations and overexpression of p53 and prognosis in malignant gliomas of childhood.
        Cancer Res. 1997; 57: 304
        • Prayson R.
        Cyclin D1 and MIB-1 immunohistochemistry in ependymomas.
        Am J Clin Pathol. 1998; 110: 629
        • Rainov N.
        • Dobberstein K.
        • Bahn H.
        • et al.
        Prognostic factors in malignant glioma: Influence of the over-expression of oncogene and tumor-suppressor gene products on survival.
        J Neurooncol. 1997; 35: 13
        • Rasheed B.K.A.
        • McLendon R.E.
        • Herndon J.E.
        • et al.
        Alterations of the TP53 gene in human gliomas.
        Cancer Res. 1994; 54: 1324
        • Revesz T.
        • Alsanjari N.
        • Darling J.
        • et al.
        Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA): Expression in samples of human astrocytic gliomas.
        Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. 1993; 19: 152
        • Rieger L.
        • Weller M.
        • Bornemann A.
        • et al.
        BCL-2 family protein expression in human malignant glioma: A clinical pathological correlative study.
        J Neurol Sci. 1998; 155: 68
        • Righetti S.
        • Della T.
        • Pilotti S.
        • et al.
        A comparative study of p53 gene mutations, protein accumulation, and response to cisplatin-based chemotherapy in advanced ovarian carcinoma.
        Cancer Res. 1996; 56: 689
        • Sallinen P.
        • Miettinen H.
        • Sallinen S.
        • et al.
        Increased expression of telomerase RNA component is associated with increased cell proliferation in human astrocytomas.
        Am J Pathol. 1997; 150: 1159
        • Sano T.
        • Asai A.
        • Mishima K.
        • et al.
        Telomerase activity in 144 brain tumours.
        Br J Cancer. 1998; 77: 1633
        • Schiffer D.
        • Cavalia P.
        • Chio A.
        • et al.
        Proliferative activity and prognosis of low-grade astrocytomas.
        J Neurooncol. 1997; 34: 31
        • Schiffer D.
        • Chio A.
        • Giordana M.
        • et al.
        Prognostic value of histologic factors in adult cerebral astrocytoma.
        Cancer. 1988; 61: 1386
        • Schiffer D.
        • Dutto A.
        • Cavalia P.
        • et al.
        Prognostic factors in oligodendroglioma.
        Can J Neurol Sci. 1997; 24: 313
        • Schiffer D.
        • Dutto A.
        • Cavalia P.
        • et al.
        Role of apoptosis in the prognosis of oligodendrogliomas.
        Neurochem Int. 1997; 31: 245
        • Schuurman P.R.
        • Troost D.
        • Verbeeten B.
        • et al.
        5-year survival and clinical prognostic factors in progressive supratentorial diffuse “low-grade” astrocytoma: A retrospective analysis of 46 cases.
        Acta Neurochir. 1997; 139: 2
        • Steltzer K.J.
        • Sauve K.I.
        • Spence A.M.
        • et al.
        Corpus callosum involvement as a prognostic factor for patients with high-grade astrocytoma.
        Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1997; 38: 27
        • Struikmans H.
        • Rutgers D.
        • Jansen G.
        • et al.
        Prognostic relevance of cell proliferation markers and DNA ploidy in gliomas.
        Acta Neurochir. 1998; 140: 140
        • Takeuchi H.
        • Kutoba T.
        • Kubota M.
        • et al.
        Prediction of recurrence on histologically benign meningiomas: Proliferating cell nuclear antigen and Ki-67 immunohistochemical study.
        Surg Neurol. 1997; 48: 501
        • Tang P.
        • Steck P.
        • Yung W.
        The autocrine loop of TGF-alpha/EGFR and brain tumors.
        J Neurooncol. 1997; 35: 303
        • Van Meyel D.
        • Ramsay D.
        • Casson A.
        • et al.
        p53 mutation, expression, and DNA ploidy in evolving gliomas: Evidence for two pathways of progression.
        J Natl Cancer Inst. 1994; 86: 1011
        • von Bossanyi P.
        • Sallaba J.
        • Dietzmann K.
        • et al.
        Correlation of TGF-alpha and EGF receptor expression with proliferative activity on human astrocytic gliomas.
        Pathol Res Pract. 1998; 194: 141
        • Von Deimling A.
        • von Ammon K.
        • Schoenfeld D.
        • et al.
        Subsets of glioblastoma multi-forme defined by molecular genetic analysis.
        Brain Pathol. 1993; 3: 19
        • Vuorinen V.
        • Sallinen P.
        • Haapasalo H.
        • et al.
        Outcome of 31 intracranial hemangiopericytomas: Poor predictive value of cell proliferation indices.
        Acta Neurochir. 1996; 138: 1399
        • Waha A.
        • Baumann A.
        • Wolf H.
        • et al.
        Lack of prognostic relevance of alterations in the epidermal growth factor receptor-transforming growth factor-alpha pathway in human astrocytic gliomas.
        J Neurosurg. 1996; 85: 634
        • Wakimoto H.
        • Aoyagi M.
        • Nakayama T.
        • et al.
        Prognostic significance of Ki-67 labeling indices obtained using MIB-1 monoclonal antibody in patients with supratentorial astrocytomas.
        Cancer. 1996; 77: 373
        • Westergaard L.
        • Gjerris F.
        • Klinken L.
        Prognostic factors in oligodendrogliomas.
        Acta Neurochir. 1997; 139: 600
        • Zhu A.
        • Shaeffer J.
        • Leslie S.
        • et al.
        Epidermal growth factor receptor: an independent predictor of survival on astrocytic tumors given definitive irradiation.
        Int J Radia Onco Biol Phys. 1996; 34: 809

      Article info

      Identification

      DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-2712(18)30093-3

      Copyright

      © 1999 Elsevier Inc. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

      ScienceDirect

      Access this article on ScienceDirect
      We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content. To update your cookie settings, please visit the for this site.
      Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. except certain content provided by third parties. The content on this site is intended for healthcare professionals.


      RELX