Keywords
To read this article in full you will need to make a payment
Purchase one-time access:
Academic & Personal: 24 hour online accessCorporate R&D Professionals: 24 hour online accessOne-time access price info
- For academic or personal research use, select 'Academic and Personal'
- For corporate R&D use, select 'Corporate R&D Professionals'
Subscribers receive full online access to your subscription and archive of back issues up to and including 2002.
Content published before 2002 is available via pay-per-view purchase only.
Subscribe:
Subscribe to Clinics in Laboratory MedicineAlready a print subscriber? Claim online access
Already an online subscriber? Sign in
Register: Create an account
Institutional Access: Sign in to ScienceDirect
References
- Lyme arthritis: an epidemic of oligoarticular arthritis in children and adults in three connecticut communities.Arthritis Rheum. 1977; 20: 7-17
- Lyme disease.N Engl J Med. 1989; 321: 586-596
- Lyme borreliosis in Europe: influences of climate and climate change, epidemiology, ecology and adaptation measures.World Health Organization, Geneva (Switzerland)2006
- Summary of notifiable diseases–United States, 2012.MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2014; 61: 124
- Epidemiology of Lyme disease.Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2015; 29: 187-210
- Lyme borreliosis: Europe-wide coordinated surveillance and action needed?.Euro Surveill. 2006; 11: E060622.1
- Geographic distribution and expansion of human Lyme disease, United States.Emerg Infect Dis. 2015; 21: 1455-1457
- Surveillance for Lyme disease–United States, 1992-2006.MMWR Surveill Summ. 2008; 57: 1-9
- Lyme borreliosis in Europe.Euro Surveill. 2011; 16: 19906
- Seropositivity of Lyme borreliosis and associated risk factors: a population-based study in children and adolescents in Germany (KiGGS).PLoS One. 2012; 7: e41321
- Seroprevalence of Borrelia IgG antibodies among young Swedish children in relation to reported tick bites, symptoms and previous treatment for Lyme borreliosis: a population-based survey.Arch Dis Child. 2010; 95: 1013-1016
- Serological survey in persons occupationally exposed to tick-borne pathogens in cases of co-infections with Borrelia burgdorferi, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Bartonella spp. and Babesia microti.Ann Agric Environ Med. 2012; 19: 271-274
- Utilization of serology for the diagnosis of suspected Lyme borreliosis in Denmark: survey of patients seen in general practice.BMC Infect Dis. 2010; 10: 317
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Lyme Disease. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/lyme/. Accessed August 4, 2015.
- Environmental risk from Lyme disease in central and eastern Canada: a summary of recent surveillance information.Can Commun Dis Rep. 2014; 40 (Available at:) (Accessed August 4, 2015): 74-82
- Trends in surveillance data of human Lyme borreliosis from six federal states in eastern Germany, 2009-2012.Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 2014; 5: 219-224
- Lyme borreliosis in the Netherlands: strong increase in GP consultations and hospital admissions in past 10 years.Euro Surveill. 2006; 11: E060622.2
- Effects of climate change on ticks and tick-borne diseases in Europe.Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis. 2009; 2009: 593232
- Climate and environmental change drives Ixodes ricinus geographical expansion at the northern range margin.Parasit Vectors. 2014; 7: 11
- Complex population structure of Borrelia burgdorferi in southeastern and south central Canada as revealed by phylogeographic analysis.Appl Environ Microbiol. 2015; 81: 1309-1318
- Wide distribution of a high-virulence Borrelia burgdorferi clone in Europe and North America.Emerg Infect Dis. 2008; 14: 1097-1104
- Evolution of northeastern and midwestern Borrelia burgdorferi, United States.Emerg Infect Dis. 2010; 16: 911-917
- Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato diversity and its influence on pathogenicity in humans.Curr Probl Dermatol. 2009; 37: 1-17
- Lyme borreliosis.Lancet. 2012; 379: 461-473
- Updates on Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex with respect to public health.Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 2011; 2: 123-128
- Characterization of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato strains isolated from human material in Slovenia.Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2002; 114: 544-550
- Lyme borreliosis in Europe and North America.Parasitology. 2004; 129: S191-S220
- Genetic diversity of Borrelia burgdorferi and detection of B. bissettii-like DNA in serum of north-coastal California residents.J Clin Microbiol. 2011; 49: 945-954
- Geographical and genospecies distribution of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato DNA detected in humans in the USA.J Med Microbiol. 2014; 63: 674-684
- Whole genome sequence of an unusual Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato isolate.J Bacteriol. 2011; 193: 1489-1490
- The expanding Lyme Borrelia complex–clinical significance of genomic species?.Clin Microbiol Infect. 2011; 17: 487-493
- Epidemic spread of Lyme borreliosis, northeastern United States.Emerg Infect Dis. 2006; 12: 604-611
- Association of Borrelia afzelii with rodents in Europe.Parasitology. 2003; 126: 11-20
- Association of Borrelia garinii and B. valaisiana with songbirds in Slovakia.Appl Environ Microbiol. 2003; 69: 2825-2830
- Human babesiosis on Nantucket Island, USA: description of the vector, Ixodes (Ixodes) dammini, n. sp. (Acarina: Ixodidae).J Med Entomol. 1979; 15: 218-234
- Conspecificity of the ticks Ixodes scapularis and I. dammini (Acari: Ixodidae).J Med Entomol. 1993; 30: 54-63
- Investigation of the validity of species status of Ixodes dammini (Acari: Ixodidae) using rDNA.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993; 90: 10221-10225
- Ecology of non-nidicolous ticks.in: Sonenshine D.E. Biology of ticks. Oxford University Press, New York1993: 3-65
- Detection, characterization, and prediction of tick-borne disease foci.Int J Med Microbiol. 2002; 291: 11-20
- Absence of Lyme disease spirochetes in larval Ixodes ricinus ticks.Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2012; 12: 21-27
- Transovarial transmission of Borrelia spirochetes by Ixodes scapularis: a summary of the literature and recent observations.Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 2013; 4: 46-51
- Mammalian and avian reservoirs for Borrelia burgdorferi.Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1988; 539: 180-191
- Do birds affect Lyme disease risk? Range expansion of the vector-borne pathogen Borrelia burgdorferi.Front Ecol Environ. 2011; 9: 103-110
- The ecology of infectious disease: effects of host diversity and community composition on Lyme disease risk.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003; 100: 567-571
- Relative utilization of reptiles and rodents as hosts by immature Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) in the coastal plain of North Carolina, USA.Exp Appl Acarol. 1993; 17: 719-731
- Seasonal activity and host associations of Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) in southeastern Missouri.J Med Entomol. 1999; 36: 720-726
- The roles of birds, lizards, and rodents as hosts for the western black-legged tick Ixodes pacificus.J Vector Ecol. 2004; 29: 295-308
- Fundamental processes in the evolutionary ecology of Lyme borreliosis.Nat Rev Microbiol. 2006; 4: 660-669
- Invasion of the Lyme disease vector Ixodes scapularis: implications for Borrelia burgdorferi endemicity.Ecohealth. 2010; 7: 47-63
- Geographic distribution of ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) in Michigan, with emphasis on Ixodes scapularis and Borrelia burgdorferi.J Med Entomol. 1998; 35: 872-882
- Ticks (Acari: Ixodida) uncommonly found biting humans in North Carolina.J Vector Ecol. 1997; 22: 6-12
- Novel Borrelia burgdorferi isolates from Ixodes scapularis and Ixodes dentatus ticks feeding on humans.J Clin Microbiol. 1996; 34: 524-529
- Lyme borreliosis in human patients in Florida and Georgia, USA.Int J Med Sci. 2013; 10: 915-931
- Reservoir competence of white-footed mice for Lyme disease spirochetes.Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1987; 36: 92-96
- Lyme disease: the ecology of a complex system.Oxford University Press, Inc, New York2011
- Differential spirochetal infectivities to vector ticks of mice chronically infected by the agent of Lyme disease.J Clin Microbiol. 1995; 33: 3164-3168
- Longitudinal study of infection with Borrelia burgdorferi in a population of Peromyscus leucopus at a Lyme disease-enzootic site in Maryland.Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1999; 60: 598-609
- An ecological approach to preventing human infection: vaccinating wild mouse reservoirs intervenes in the Lyme disease cycle.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004; 101: 18159-18164
- The Lyme disease pathogen has no effect on the survival of its rodent reservoir host.PLoS One. 2015; 10: e0118265
- Comparing the relative potential of rodents as reservoirs of the Lyme disease spirochete (Borrelia burgdorferi).Am J Epidemiol. 1989; 130: 143-150
- Conspicuous impacts of inconspicuous hosts on the Lyme disease epidemic.Proc Biol Sci. 2008; 275: 227-235
- Transmission cycles of Borrelia burgdorferi and B. bissettii in relation to habitat type in northwestern California.J Vector Ecol. 2009; 34: 81-91
- Beyond Lyme: aetiology of tick-borne human diseases with emphasis on the south-eastern United States.Zoonoses Public Health. 2012; 59: 48-64
- Differential transmission of the genospecies of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato by game birds and small rodents in England.Appl Environ Microbiol. 1998; 64: 1169-1174
- Host association of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato–the key role of host complement.Trends Microbiol. 2002; 10: 74-79
- Transhemispheric exchange of Lyme disease spirochetes by seabirds.J Clin Microbiol. 1995; 33: 3270-3274
- Complex population structure of Lyme borreliosis group spirochete Borrelia garinii in subarctic Eurasia.PLoS One. 2009; 4: e5841
- Modeling the role of songbirds and rodents in the ecology of Lyme disease.Can J Zool. 2000; 78: 2184-2197
- Role of migratory birds in introduction and range expansion of Ixodes scapularis ticks and of Borrelia burgdorferi and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in Canada.Appl Environ Microbiol. 2008; 74: 1780-1790
- Regional variation in immature Ixodes scapularis parasitism on North American songbirds: implications for transmission of the Lyme pathogen, Borrelia burgdorferi.J Med Entomol. 2011; 48: 422-428
- Ixodes scapularis ticks collected by passive surveillance in Canada: analysis of geographic distribution and infection with Lyme borreliosis agent Borrelia burgdorferi.J Med Entomol. 2006; 43: 600-609
- How far north are migrant birds transporting the tick Ixodes scapularis in Canada? Insights from stable hydrogen isotope analyses of feathers.Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 2015; (in press)
- Incompetence of roe deer as reservoirs of the Lyme borreliosis spirochete.J Med Entomol. 1992; 29: 813-817
- Diversionary role of hoofed game in the transmission of Lyme disease spirochetes.Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1993; 48: 693-699
- Identification of host bloodmeal source and Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in field-collected Ixodes ricinus ticks in Chaumont (Switzerland).J Med Entomol. 2007; 44: 1109-1117
- Reverse line blot probe design and polymerase chain reaction optimization for bloodmeal analysis of ticks from the eastern United States.J Med Entomol. 2012; 49: 697-709
- Incompetence of deer as reservoirs of the Lyme disease spirochete.Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1988; 39: 105-109
- Ecology of Ixodes dammini-borne human babesiosis and Lyme disease.Annu Rev Entomol. 1985; 30: 439-460
- Acquisition of Lyme disease spirochetes by cofeeding Ixodes scapularis ticks.Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1997; 57: 589-593
- The efficacy of co-feeding as a means of maintaining Borrelia burgdorferi: a North American model system.J Vector Ecol. 2001; 26: 216-220
- Efficient transmission of Borrelia burgdorferi between cofeeding Ixodes ricinus ticks (Acari: Ixodidae).J Med Entomol. 1996; 33: 189-192
- Co-feeding transmission and its contribution to the perpetuation of the Lyme disease spirochete Borrelia afzelii.Emerg Infect Dis. 2002; 8: 1421-1425
- Transmission of the Lyme disease spirochete, Borrelia garinii, between infected and uninfected immature Ixodes persulcatus during cofeeding on mice.J Parasitol. 1997; 83: 547-550
- Co-feeding transmission in Lyme disease pathogens.Parasitology. 2015; 142: 290-302
- Climate and tick seasonality are predictors of Borrelia burgdorferi genotype distribution.Appl Environ Microbiol. 2009; 75: 2476-2483
- Agents of human anaplasmosis and Lyme disease at Camp Ripley, Minnesota.Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2011; 11: 1529-1534
- Entomologic index for human risk of Lyme disease.Am J Epidemiol. 1996; 144: 1066-1069
- Temporal correlations between tick abundance and prevalence of ticks infected with Borrelia burgdorferi and increasing incidence of Lyme disease.J Clin Microbiol. 1998; 36: 1240-1244
- Lyme disease in the United Kingdom.Postgrad Med J. 2014; 90: 33-42
- Molecular typing of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato: taxonomic, epidemiological, and clinical implications.Clin Microbiol Rev. 1999; 12: 633-653
- Borrelia burgdorferi genetic markers and disseminated disease in patients with early Lyme disease.J Clin Microbiol. 2006; 44: 4407-4413
- Analysis of Borrelia burgdorferi genotypes in patients with Lyme arthritis: high frequency of ribosomal RNA intergenic spacer type 1 strains in antibiotic-refractory arthritis.Arthritis Rheum. 2009; 60: 2174-2182
- Borrelia burgdorferi RST1 (OspC type A) genotype is associated with greater inflammation and more severe Lyme disease.Am J Pathol. 2011; 178: 2726-2739
- Disease severity in a murine model of Lyme borreliosis is associated with the genotype of the infecting Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto strain.J Infect Dis. 2002; 186: 782-791
- Borrelia burgdorferi genotype predicts the capacity for hematogenous dissemination during early Lyme disease.J Infect Dis. 2008; 198: 1358-1364
- Association of specific subtypes of Borrelia burgdorferi with hematogenous dissemination in early Lyme disease.J Infect Dis. 1999; 180: 720-725
- Biodiversity of Borrelia burgdorferi strains in tissues of Lyme disease patients.PLoS One. 2011; 6: e22926
- The propensity of different Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto genotypes to cause disseminated infections in humans.Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2008; 78: 806-810
- Ability to cause erythema migrans differs between Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato isolates.Parasit Vectors. 2013; 6: 23
- Multilocus sequence typing of Borrelia burgdorferi suggests existence of lineages with differential pathogenic properties in humans.PLoS One. 2013; 8: e73066
- ospC diversity in Borrelia burgdorferi: different hosts are different niches.Genetics. 2004; 168: 713-722
- Epidemiologic and diagnostic studies of patients with suspected early Lyme disease, Missouri, 1990-1993.J Infect Dis. 1995; 172: 470-480
- Prospective clinical evaluation of patients from Missouri and New York with erythema migrans-like skin lesions.Clin Infect Dis. 2005; 41: 958-965
- Serologic evaluation of patients from Missouri with erythema migrans-like skin lesions with the C6 Lyme test.Clin Vaccin Immunol. 2006; 13: 1170-1171
- A state-by-state survey of ticks recorded from humans in the United States.J Vector Ecol. 2000; 25: 102-113
- STARI, or Masters disease: Lone Star tick-vectored Lyme-like illness.Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2008; 22 (viii): 361-376
- Borrelia burgdorferi not confirmed in human-biting Amblyomma americanum ticks from the southeastern United States.J Clin Microbiol. 2015; 53: 1697-1704
- Ability to Ixodes scapularis, Dermacentor variabilis, and Amblyomma americanum (Acari: Ixodidae) to acquire, maintain, and transmit Lyme disease spirochetes (Borrelia burgdorferi).J Med Entomol. 1988; 25: 336-339
- Ability of the Lyme disease spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi to infect rodents and three species of human-biting ticks (blacklegged tick, American dog tick, lone star tick) (Acari: Ixodidae).J Med Entomol. 1997; 34: 451-456
- Identification of an uncultivable Borrelia species in the hard tick Amblyomma americanum: possible agent of a Lyme disease-like illness.J Infect Dis. 1996; 173: 403-409
- Borrelia lonestari infection after a bite by an Amblyomma americanum tick.J Infect Dis. 2001; 183: 1810-1814
- Detection of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto ospC alleles associated with human Lyme borreliosis worldwide in non-human-biting tick Ixodes affinis and rodent hosts in southeastern United States.Appl Environ Microbiol. 2013; 79: 1444-1453
- Effect of gender on clinical and epidemiologic features of Lyme borreliosis.Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2007; 7: 34-41
- Epidemiological situation of Lyme borreliosis in Germany: surveillance data from six Eastern German States, 2002 to 2006.Parasitol Res. 2008; 103: S117-S120
- Epidemiology and cost of hospital care for Lyme borreliosis in Germany: lessons from a health care utilization database analysis.Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 2015; 6: 56-62
- Surveillance for Lyme disease-United States.MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2010; 57: 1-9
- Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease).Pediatr Rev. 2014; 35: 500-509
- Risk factors for Lyme disease in Chester County, Pennsylvania.Public Health Rep. 2001; 116: 146-156
- Spatial dynamics of Lyme disease: a review.Ecohealth. 2008; 5: 167-195
- Environmental and life-style risk factors for Lyme disease in children.Clin Pediatr (Phila). 1996; 35: 359-363
- Assessing peridomestic entomological factors as predictors for Lyme disease.J Vector Ecol. 2006; 31: 364-370
- Lyme borreliosis: a review of data on transmission time after tick attachment.Int J Gen Med. 2015; 8: 1-8
- Integrated assessment of behavioral and environmental risk factors for Lyme disease infection on Block Island, Rhode Island.PLoS One. 2014; 9: e84758
- Lyme disease and preventive behaviors in residents of Nantucket Island, Massachusetts.Am J Prev Med. 2001; 20: 219-224
- Effectiveness of personal protective measures to prevent Lyme disease.Emerg Infect Dis. 2008; 14: 210-216
- Factors associated with preventive behaviors regarding Lyme disease in Canada and Switzerland: a comparative study.BMC Public Health. 2015; 15: 185
- Peridomestic Lyme disease prevention: results of a population-based case-control study.Am J Prev Med. 2009; 37: 201-206
Article info
Publication history
Published online: September 24, 2015
Footnotes
The authors have no disclosures to announce.
Identification
Copyright
© 2015 Elsevier Inc. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
