Note: Page numbers of article titles are in boldface type.
A
Abbott troponin assays, 64, 69
Absorbance assays, 172–173
Acute coronary syndrome, 21–26
clinical presentation of, 21–22
differential diagnosis of, 67–68
electrocardiography for, 22–23
markers for, 23–24
natriuretic peptides for, 53–54
physical examination findings in, 22
point-of-care testing for, 75–85
spectrum of, 21
treatment of, 24–26
troponins for, 59–73
types of, 21
Acute Shortness of Breath Evaluation (BASEL) study, 48
Adrenomedullin, 7
Alere troponin assays, 64
American College of Medical Genetics, 152
Analyte, definition of, 182
Anemia, in heart failure, 18–19
Aneurysm osteoarthritis syndrome, 146–147
Aneurysms, thoracic aortic, 145–148
Angina, unstable. See Acute coronary syndrome.
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, for heart failure, 19–20
Antibodies and autoantibodies, in immunometric assays, 168, 170–173, 178–179
Antiplatelet agents, for acute coronary syndrome, 24–26
Antithrombin III deficiency, 150–152
Aortic stenosis, supravalvular, 149–150
Apolipoprotein, phospholipase A2 associated with, 120–121
Apolipoprotein A, polymorphisms of, 124
Apolipoprotein B/Apolipoprotein Al ratio, 117–118
Apolipoprotein E, polymorphisms of, 123
Arachnodactyly, congenital contractural, 148
Arginine vasopressin, 7
Arrhythmias, genetics of, 142–145
Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy, 142
Arterial torturosity syndrome, 147
Aspartate aminotransferase, for myocardial necrosis, 33–34
Atherosclerosis, 113–127
formation of, after percutaneous coronary intervention, 105
pathogenesis of, 114–115
risk factors for
analytical methods for, 116–118
novel biomarkers for, 116–124
treatment goals for, 115–116
Atrial fibrillation, familial, 145
Atrial natriuretic peptide
for heart failure, 52
for myocyte stress, 6
B
Background signals, in immunometric assays, 171–172
BASEL (Acute Shortness of Breath Evaluation) study, 48
Beckman troponin assays, 64
Biomarkers
definition of, 167
for cardiac disease. See Cardiac markers.
Biomarkers in Cardiology Trial, 5–6, 67
Biopsy, for transplant rejection, versus biomarkers, 131–132
Bloch pathway, for cholesterol synthesis, 158
Breathing Not Properly Multinational Study, 47
Brugada syndrome, 144–145
B-type natriuretic peptide and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide
analytical properties of, 45, 47
assays for, 177
characteristics of, 169
for heart failure, 18, 47–52
for myocyte stress, 6
physiology of, 44–45
C
Calibrator, definition of, 182
Campesterol, absorption and synthesis of, 157–166
Cardiac markers
after surgery, 99–111
commonly in use, 168
definition of, 167
for acute coronary syndromes, 21–26, 43–73
for atherosclerosis risk factors, 113–127
for genetic disease, 137–156
for heart failure. See Heart failure.
for hyperlipidemia, 157–166
for myocardial necrosis, 31–41, 129–135
goals of, 167
history of, 168
measurement methods for, 167–185
newer, 168
overview of, 1–14
pathophysiology and, 3–10
point-of-care. See Point-of-care testing.
Cardiac myosin binding protein C, 169
Cardiac Resynchronization in Heart Failure study, 93
Cardiac resynchronization therapy, for heart failure, 20
Cardiac troponins. See Troponin(s).
Cardiomyopathy
arrhythmogenic right ventricular, 142
dilated, 140–141
hypertrophic, 138–140
restrictive, 141
Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, 144
Centaur TnI-Ultra method, for rapid point-of-care testing, 75–85
Channelopathies, genetics of, 142–145
Chest pain
in acute coronary syndrome, 21–22
point-of-care testing for, 75–85
Cholestanol, in cholesterol synthesis, 160
Cholesterol
absorption and synthesis of, 157–166
biomarkers of, 158–162
lipid-lowering drugs and, 162–165
analytical methods for, 116–118
in atherosclerosis formation, 114–115
reduction goals for, 115–116
Christchurch Cardioendocrine Group, 52
COACH (Coordinating Study Evaluation Outcomes of Advising and Counseling Failure), 92–93
Coefficient of variance, in immunometric assays, 172
Congenital contractural arachnodactyly, 148
Congenital heart defects, 148–150
Congestive heart failure. See Heart failure.
Controlled Rosuvastatin Multinational Trial in Heart Failure (CORONA), 92
Coordinating Study Evaluation Outcomes of Advising and Counseling Failure (COACH), 92–93
Copeptin, 5, 7
CORONA (Controlled Rosuvastatin Multinational Trial in Heart Failure), 92
Coronary artery bypass graft surgery, myocardial injury after, 102, 106–108
Coronary artery disease
natriuretic peptides for, 53–54
risk factors for. See Atherosclerosis.
C-reactive protein
for inflammation, 7–8
high-sensitivity tests for, 118–120
Creatine kinase MB
characteristics of, 169
for acute coronary syndrome, 23–24
for cardiac surgery, 106–108
for myocardial necrosis, 34–36
for percutaneous coronary intervention, 103–105
versus troponins, 66
Creatine phosphokinase, for myocardial necrosis, 34–36
Cummins troponin assay, 61
Cutoff values, for methodologies, 179–181
Cystatin C, for kidney dysfunction, 9–10
Cytokines, for inflammation, 7–8
D
Dallas Heart Study, 70, 161
Desmosterol, in cholesterol synthesis, 158, 160–161
Detection system, in immunometric assays, 172–173
Dilated cardiomyopathy, 140–141
Dipeptidyl peptidase, for myocyte stress, 6
Dissections, thoracic aortic, 145–148
Diuretics, for heart failure, 20
E
EARLY-ACS (Early Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibition in Non--ST-Segment Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome), 69
Echocardiography, for heart failure, 19
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, 146
Electrocardiography
for acute coronary syndrome, 22–23
for heart failure, 19
Emergency department, rapid point-of-care testing in, 75–85
Endothelin-1, 7
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, 172–173
EPIC-Norfolk study, 161
Eplerenone, for heart failure, 20
European Heart Rhythm Association, 152
Extracellular matrix remodeling, 8–9
Ezetimibe, actions of, 159, 161–165
F
Factor V Leiden, 150–152
Familial atrial fibrillation, 145
Fibrinolysis, for acute coronary syndrome, 24
Fibroblast growth factor 23, 10
Fragmin and fast revascularization during InStability in Coronary artery disease trial, 54
Framingham Offspring Study, 161
Framingham Risk Score, 115–116
G
Galectin-3
assays for, 172–173
characteristics of, 169
for extracellular matrix remodeling, 9
for heart failure, 91–94
Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, for cholesterol precursors, 159
Genetics
of arrhythmias, 142–145
of cardiomyopathies, 137–142
of channelopathies, 142–145
of congenital heart defects, 148 –150
of Marfan-like phenotypes, 145–148
of pulmonary arterial hypertension, 150
of thoracic aortic aneurysms and dissections, 145–148
of thrombophilia, 150–152
testing guidelines for, 152
Ghent nosology, for Marfan syndrome, 152
GISSI-HF (Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravivenza nell'insufficienza Cardiac-Heart Failure) study, 52
Global Use of Strategies to Open Occluded Arteries (GUSTO) trial, 69–70
Glycogen phosphorylase BB5, for myocyte injury, 5
Growth differentiation factor 15, for myocyte stress, 6–7
Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravivenza nell'insufficienza Cardiac-Heart Failure (GISSI-HF) study, 52
GUSTO (Global Use of Strategies to Open Occluded Arteries) trial, 69–70
H
Heart disease, cardiac markers for. See Cardiac markers.
Heart failure, 15–21
classification of, 16
clinical presentation of, 16–17
definition of, 15
diagnostic findings in, 18–19
galectin-3 in, 91–94
natriuretic peptides for, 47–52
physical examination findings in, 17–18
prognosis for, 50–51
ST2 for, 88–91
treatment of, 19–20
with preserved ejection fraction, 20
Heart Rhythm Society, 152
Heart-type fatty acid-binding protein, for myocyte injury, 5
3-Hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl CoA, 158
Hypertension, pulmonary arterial, 150
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, 138–140
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome, 148–150
I
Immunoassays
definition of, 182–183
for natriuretic peptides, 45, 47
for troponins, 61–65
Immunometric assays, 168, 170–173, 183
Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator, for heart failure, 20
Improved Management of Patients With Congestive Heart Failure (IMPROVE-CHF) study, 48–49
Inflammation, 7–8
Interpretation, of results, 179–181
J
Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome, 144
Jugular venous pressure, in heart failure, 17–18
JUPITER (Justification for the use of Statins in Primary Prevention: An Intervention Trial Evaluating Rosuvastatin), 7–8, 118–120
K
Kandutsch-Russell pathway, for cholesterol synthesis, 158
Katus troponin assay, 61
Kidney dysfunction, in heatt failure, 9–10, 50
Klotho, 10
L
Lactate dehydrogenase
for acute coronary syndrome, 24
for myocardial necrosis, 36
Lathosterol, absorption and synthesis of, 157–166
Left ventricular non-compaction, 141
Limit of detection, definition of, 183
Limit of quantification, 183
Lipocalin, for kidney dysfunction, 10
Lipoprotein(s)
analytical methods for, 116–118
genetics of, 123
in atherosclerosis formation, 114–115
low-density, oxidized, myeloperoxidase and, 121–122
Lipoprotein (A), 122–123
Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, for cholesterol precursors, 159
Loeys-Dietz syndrome, 147–148
Long QT syndrome, 142–144
Luminex system, 174–175
M
Marfan-like phenotypes, 145–148, 152
Matrix metalloproteinase
for extracellular matrix remodeling, 9
for vulnerable plaque, 8
Metabolomics, 10
Methodologies, for cardiac markers, 167–185
immunometric assays, 168.170–173
interpretive limitations of, 179–181
multiplex assays, 174–176
point-of-care testing, 173–174
technical limitations of, 176–179
terminology of, 182–184
Mevalonate, in cholesterol synthesis, 158
β2-Microglobulin, for kidney dysfunction, 10
MicroRNAs, 11
Multimarker panels, for myocardial necrosis, 36–38
Multiplex assays, 174–176
Myeloperoxidase
for oxidative stress, 8
for vulnerable plaque, 8
oxidized low-density lipoprotein and, 121–122
Myocardial infarction. See also Acute coronary syndrome.
definition of, 65–66, 100–102
percutaneous coronary interventions for, 101–105
surgery for, 106–108
types of, 100
Myocardial necrosis, cardiac markers for, 31–41
chronology of, 33–40
ideal, 32–33
Myocarditis, 129–135
Myocarditis Treatment Trial, 130–131
Myocyte(s), troponin release from, 60–61
Myocyte injury, 3–6
Myocyte stress, 6–7
Myoglobin, for myocardial necrosis, 36
N
Nanosphere troponin assay, 65
National Cholesterol Education Program, 115–116, 161
Natriuretic peptides. See also specific types.
analytical properties of, 45, 47
for acute coronary syndrome, 24, 53–54
for coronary artery disease, 53–54
for heart failure, 18, 47–52
for myocyte stress, 6–7
physiology of, 44–46
Necrosis, myocardial, 31–41
Neo-atherosclerosis, after percutaneous coronary intervention, 105
Neointimal hyperplasia, in percutaneous coronary intervention, 104
Neurohormones, 7
Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, for kidney dysfunction, 10
Niemann-Pick C1 like transporter, 158–159
Nonspecific background, in immunometric assays, 171–172
NSTE-ADS (Non-ST-Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome), 69
N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide. See B-type natriuretic peptide and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide.
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, for lipoproteins, 118
O
Organized Program to Initiate Lifesaving Treatment in Hospitalized Patients with Heart Failure trial, 50–51
Oxidative stress, 8
P
Panels, for myocardial necrosis, 36–38
Patent ductus arteriosus, 148–150
Pentraxin 3, for vulnerable plaque, 8
Percutaneous coronary interventions, myocardial injury after, 101–105
Phospholipase A2, apolipoprotein associated with, 120–121
Placental growth factor, for vulnerable plaque, 8
Plaque, vulnerable, 8
Point-of-care testing
for chest pain, 75–85
for myocardial necrosis, 38
methodologies for, 173–174
Precision, 183
Pregnancy-associated plasma protein A, for vulnerable plaque, 8
PRIDE (ProBNP Investigation of Dyspnea in the Emergency Department) study, 47–48, 89–90, 92
Proadrenomedullin, 7
Pro-arginine vasopressin, 7
ProBNP Investigation of Dyspnea in the Emergency Department (PRIDE) study, 47–48, 89–90, 92
ProBNP Outpatient Tailored Chronic HG Therapy study, 52
Procollagen 1, for extracellular matrix remodeling, 9
Proprotein convertase subtilin/kinexin, 124
PROSPER study, 161
PROTECT Study, 93
Protein C deficiency, 150–152
Protein S deficiency, 150–152
Prothrombin polymorphisms, 150–152
Pulmonary arterial hypertension, 150
Pulmonary congestion, in heart failure, 18
Q
Quanterix troponin assay, 65
R
Radiography, for heart failure, 19
Radiometer troponin assays, 64
Rancho Bernardo Study, 69
Restrictive cardiomyopathy, 141
Roche troponin assays, 64
Romano-Ward syndrome, 142–144
Rule Out Myocardial Infarction using Computer Assisted Tomography trial, 53
S
Sandwich immunoassays, for troponin, 63–65
Sensitivity, of methodologies, 176–177, 183–184
SEPIA-ACS1-TIMI- 42 (Study of Otamixaban Versus Unfractionated Heparin and Eptifibatide in Non-ST Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome), 69
Septal defects, congenital, 148–150
Short QT syndrome, 144
Siemens troponin assays, 64–65
Signal generating system, in immunometric assays, 168, 170
Singulex cTNI assay, 63, 70
β-Sitosterol, absorption and synthesis of, 157–166
Sitosterolemia, 161
Small molecules, 10
Sortillin gene, in lipid metabolism, 123
Specificity, of methodologies, 177, 183–184
Specimen-specific interferences, with assays, 178–179
Spironolactone, for heart failure, 25720
Squalene, absorption and synthesis of, 158, 160
ST2
assays for, 173
characteristics of, 169
for heart failure, 88–91
for myocyte stress, 6
Statins, actions of, 158–159, 161–165
Stent placement, myocardial injury after, 101–105
Stratus troponin assay, 61
Study of Otamixaban Versus Unfractionated Heparin and Eptifibatide in Non-ST Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome (SEPIA-ACS1-TIMI- 42), 69
Supravalvular aortic stenosis, 149–150
T
Tetralogy of Fallot, 148–150
Thoracic aortic aneurysms and dissections, 145–148
Thrombophilia, 150–152
Tissue inhibitors of metalloprotein, for extracellular matrix remodeling, 9
Transaminase, for heart failure, 18
Transplantation, cardiac, rejection of, 131–132
Trimethylamine N-oxide, 10
Troponin(s), 59–73
as diagnostic tool, 65–68
as preferred biomarker, 66
as prognostic tool, 68–70
assays for, 61–65
characteristics of, 169
diagnostic cutoff value for, 66–67
for cardiac surgery, 106–108
for myocarditis, 129–134
for non myocardial infarction conditions, 67–68
for patients without acute coronary syndrome or heart failure, 133–134
for percutaneous coronary intervention, 103–105
functions of, 60–61
genes of, 60
highly-sensitive assays for, 62–65
release of, 60–61
structures of, 60–61
Troponin C, structure of, 60
Troponin I. See also Troponin(s).
for acute coronary syndrome, 23–24
for myocardial necrosis, 38–40
for myocyte injury, 3–5
in point-of-care testing, 75–85
Troponin T. See also Troponin(s).
for acute coronary syndrome, 23–24
for myocardial necrosis, 38–40
for myocyte injury, 3–5
V
Val-HeFT (Valsartan Heart Failure Trial), 50–51, 92
Vasopressin, 7
Vulnerable plaque, 8
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