Advertisement
Review Article| Volume 34, ISSUE 1, P113-127, March 2014

Download started.

Ok

Cholesterol, Lipoproteins, High-sensitivity C-reactive Protein, and Other Risk Factors for Atherosclerosis

Published:January 16, 2014DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cll.2013.11.003

      Keywords

      To read this article in full you will need to make a payment

      Purchase one-time access:

      Academic & Personal: 24 hour online accessCorporate R&D Professionals: 24 hour online access
      One-time access price info
      • For academic or personal research use, select 'Academic and Personal'
      • For corporate R&D use, select 'Corporate R&D Professionals'

      Subscribers receive full online access to your subscription and archive of back issues up to and including 2002.

      Content published before 2002 is available via pay-per-view purchase only.

      Subscribe:

      Subscribe to Clinics in Laboratory Medicine
      Already a print subscriber? Claim online access
      Already an online subscriber? Sign in
      Institutional Access: Sign in to ScienceDirect

      References

        • Roger V.L.
        • Go A.S.
        • Lloyd-Jones D.M.
        • et al.
        Heart disease and stroke statistics–2012 update: a report from the American Heart Association.
        Circulation. 2012; 125: e2-e220
        • Lloyd-Jones D.M.
        • Hong Y.
        • Labarthe D.
        • et al.
        Defining and setting national goals for cardiovascular health promotion and disease reduction: the American Heart Association's strategic impact goal through 2020 and beyond.
        Circulation. 2010; 121: 586-613
        • Kumar V.
        • Abbas A.
        • Fausto N.
        • et al.
        Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis of disease.
        8th edition. Saunders Elsevier, Philadelphia2010
        • Ross R.
        Atherosclerosis–an inflammatory disease.
        N Engl J Med. 1999; 340: 115-126
        • Ábel G.
        • Laposata M.
        Lipids, lipoproteins, and cardiovascular risk.
        in: Lewandrowski K. Clinical chemistry: laboratory management and clinical correlations. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia2002: 575-591
        • Langlois M.R.
        Laboratory approaches for predicting and managing the risk of cardiovascular disease: postanalytical opportunities of lipid and lipoprotein testing.
        Clin Chem Lab Med. 2012; 50: 1169-1181
        • Ashen M.D.
        • Blumenthal R.S.
        Clinical practice. Low HDL cholesterol levels.
        N Engl J Med. 2005; 353: 1252-1260
      1. Third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report.
        Circulation. 2002; 106: 3143-3421
        • Brewer Jr., H.B.
        Increasing HDL cholesterol levels.
        N Engl J Med. 2004; 350: 1491-1494
        • Barter P.
        • Gotto A.M.
        • LaRosa J.C.
        • et al.
        HDL cholesterol, very low levels of LDL cholesterol, and cardiovascular events.
        N Engl J Med. 2007; 357: 1301-1310
        • Abudu N.
        • Levinson S.S.
        Calculated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol remains a viable and important test for screening and targeting therapy.
        Clin Chem Lab Med. 2007; 45: 1319-1325
        • Mueller O.
        • Chang E.
        • Deng D.
        • et al.
        PROCAM Study: risk prediction for myocardial infarction using microfluidic high-density lipoprotein (HDL) subfractionation is independent of HDL cholesterol.
        Clin Chem Lab Med. 2008; 46: 490-498
        • Rasouli M.
        • Kiasari A.M.
        • Mokhberi V.
        The ratio of apoB/apoAI, apoB and lipoprotein(a) are the best predictors of stable coronary artery disease.
        Clin Chem Lab Med. 2006; 44: 1015-1021
        • Genest J.
        • Frohlich J.
        • Fodor G.
        • et al.
        Recommendations for the management of dyslipidemia and the prevention of cardiovascular disease: summary of the 2003 update.
        CMAJ. 2003; 169: 921-924
        • Anderson T.J.
        • Gregoire J.
        • Hegele R.A.
        • et al.
        2012 update of the Canadian Cardiovascular Society guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of dyslipidemia for the prevention of cardiovascular disease in the adult.
        Can J Cardiol. 2013; 29: 151-167
        • Master S.R.
        • Rader D.J.
        Beyond LDL cholesterol in assessing cardiovascular risk: apo B or LDL-P?.
        Clin Chem. 2013; 59: 723-725
        • Cole T.G.
        • Contois J.H.
        • Csako G.
        • et al.
        Association of apolipoprotein B and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy-derived LDL particle number with outcomes in 25 clinical studies: assessment by the AACC Lipoprotein and Vascular Diseases Division Working Group on Best Practices.
        Clin Chem. 2013; 59: 752-770
        • Gilstrap L.G.
        • Wang T.J.
        Biomarkers and cardiovascular risk assessment for primary prevention: an update.
        Clin Chem. 2012; 58: 72-82
        • Verhoye E.
        • Langlois M.R.
        • Asklepios I.
        Circulating oxidized low-density lipoprotein: a biomarker of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular risk?.
        Clin Chem Lab Med. 2009; 47: 128-137
        • Morrow D.A.
        • de Lemos J.A.
        Benchmarks for the assessment of novel cardiovascular biomarkers.
        Circulation. 2007; 115: 949-952
        • Devaraj S.
        • Kumaresan P.R.
        • Jialal I.
        C-reactive protein induces release of both endothelial microparticles and circulating endothelial cells in vitro and in vivo: further evidence of endothelial dysfunction.
        Clin Chem. 2011; 57: 1757-1761
        • Mora S.
        • Musunuru K.
        • Blumenthal R.S.
        The clinical utility of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in cardiovascular disease and the potential implication of JUPITER on current practice guidelines.
        Clin Chem. 2009; 55: 219-228
        • Cook N.R.
        • Paynter N.P.
        • Manson J.E.
        • et al.
        Clinical utility of lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A(2) for cardiovascular disease prediction in a multiethnic cohort of women.
        Clin Chem. 2012; 58: 1352-1363
        • Ledue T.B.
        • Rifai N.
        Preanalytic and analytic sources of variations in C-reactive protein measurement: implications for cardiovascular disease risk assessment.
        Clin Chem. 2003; 49: 1258-1271
        • Ridker P.M.
        • Cannon C.P.
        • Morrow D.
        • et al.
        C-reactive protein levels and outcomes after statin therapy.
        N Engl J Med. 2005; 352: 20-28
        • Mora S.
        • Ridker P.M.
        Justification for the Use of Statins in Primary Prevention: an Intervention Trial Evaluating Rosuvastatin (JUPITER)–can C-reactive protein be used to target statin therapy in primary prevention?.
        Am J Cardiol. 2006; 97: 33A-41A
        • Ridker P.M.
        • Danielson E.
        • Fonseca F.A.
        • et al.
        Rosuvastatin to prevent vascular events in men and women with elevated C-reactive protein.
        N Engl J Med. 2008; 359: 2195-2207
        • Biasucci L.M.
        • Biasillo G.
        • Stefanelli A.
        Inflammatory markers, cholesterol and statins: pathophysiological role and clinical importance.
        Clin Chem Lab Med. 2010; 48: 1685-1691
        • Ridker P.M.
        • Rifai N.
        • Rose L.
        • et al.
        Comparison of C-reactive protein and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in the prediction of first cardiovascular events.
        N Engl J Med. 2002; 347: 1557-1565
        • Yousuf O.
        • Mohanty B.D.
        • Martin S.S.
        • et al.
        High-sensitivity C-reactive protein and cardiovascular disease: a resolute belief or an elusive link?.
        J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013; 62: 397-408
        • Ruckerl R.
        • Peters A.
        • Khuseyinova N.
        • et al.
        Determinants of the acute-phase protein C-reactive protein in myocardial infarction survivors: the role of comorbidities and environmental factors.
        Clin Chem. 2009; 55: 322-335
        • Garza C.A.
        • Montori V.M.
        • McConnell J.P.
        • et al.
        Association between lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 and cardiovascular disease: a systematic review.
        Mayo Clin Proc. 2007; 82: 159-165
        • Kolasa-Trela R.
        • Fil K.
        • Bazanek M.
        • et al.
        Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 is elevated in patients with severe aortic valve stenosis without clinically overt atherosclerosis.
        Clin Chem Lab Med. 2012; 50: 1825-1831
        • Stein E.A.
        Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A(2) measurements: mass, activity, but little productivity.
        Clin Chem. 2012; 58: 814-817
        • Thompson A.
        • Gao P.
        • Orfei L.
        • et al.
        Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A(2) and risk of coronary disease, stroke, and mortality: collaborative analysis of 32 prospective studies.
        Lancet. 2010; 375: 1536-1544
        • Shao B.
        • Oda M.N.
        • Oram J.F.
        • et al.
        Myeloperoxidase: an oxidative pathway for generating dysfunctional high-density lipoprotein.
        Chem Res Toxicol. 2010; 23: 447-454
        • Kameda T.
        • Usami Y.
        • Shimada S.
        • et al.
        Determination of myeloperoxidase-induced apoAI-apoAII heterodimers in high-density lipoprotein.
        Ann Clin Lab Sci. 2012; 42: 384-391
        • Nordestgaard B.G.
        • Chapman M.J.
        • Ray K.
        • et al.
        Lipoprotein(a) as a cardiovascular risk factor: current status.
        Eur Heart J. 2010; 31: 2844-2853
        • Kronenberg F.
        • Utermann G.
        Lipoprotein(a): resurrected by genetics.
        J Intern Med. 2013; 273: 6-30
        • Erqou S.
        • Kaptoge S.
        • Perry P.L.
        • et al.
        Lipoprotein(a) concentration and the risk of coronary heart disease, stroke, and nonvascular mortality.
        JAMA. 2009; 302: 412-423
        • Boden W.E.
        • Probstfield J.L.
        • Anderson T.
        • et al.
        Niacin in patients with low HDL cholesterol levels receiving intensive statin therapy.
        N Engl J Med. 2011; 365: 2255-2267
        • Zeller T.
        • Blankenberg S.
        • Diemert P.
        Genomewide association studies in cardiovascular disease–an update 2011.
        Clin Chem. 2012; 58: 92-103
        • Samani N.J.
        • Erdmann J.
        • Hall A.S.
        • et al.
        Genomewide association analysis of coronary artery disease.
        N Engl J Med. 2007; 357: 443-453
        • Linsel-Nitschke P.
        • Heeren J.
        • Aherrahrou Z.
        • et al.
        Genetic variation at chromosome 1p13.3 affects sortilin mRNA expression, cellular LDL-uptake and serum LDL levels which translates to the risk of coronary artery disease.
        Atherosclerosis. 2010; 208: 183-189
        • Burman D.
        • Mente A.
        • Hegele R.A.
        • et al.
        Relationship of the ApoE polymorphism to plasma lipid traits among South Asians, Chinese, and Europeans living in Canada.
        Atherosclerosis. 2009; 203: 192-200
        • Gronroos P.
        • Raitakari O.T.
        • Kahonen M.
        • et al.
        Association of high sensitive C-reactive protein with apolipoprotein E polymorphism in children and young adults: the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study.
        Clin Chem Lab Med. 2008; 46: 179-186
        • Chmielewski M.
        • Verduijn M.
        • Dekker F.W.
        ApoE genotype as risk factor in dialysis patients.
        Atherosclerosis. 2010; 212 ([author reply: 697]): 695-696
        • Clarke R.
        • Peden J.F.
        • Hopewell J.C.
        • et al.
        Genetic variants associated with Lp(a) lipoprotein level and coronary disease.
        N Engl J Med. 2009; 361: 2518-2528
        • Stein E.A.
        • Swergold G.D.
        Potential of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 based therapeutics.
        Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2013; 15: 310
        • Stein E.A.
        • Mellis S.
        • Yancopoulos G.D.
        • et al.
        Effect of a monoclonal antibody to PCSK9 on LDL cholesterol.
        N Engl J Med. 2012; 366: 1108-1118