Solid organ transplantation is the therapy of choice for end stage diseases. The alloimmune
response generated after transplantation induces the production of a “cytokine storm”
that can lead to either the rejection of the organ or graft acceptance. These key
decisions, which determine the transplant fate, depend on the type of cytokine response
(Th1/Th2). An inflammatory response will lead to graft loss; a tolerogenic response
assists in graft acceptance. A balance between different factors often determines
outcome. The same cytokine may assist in either allograft rejection or graft survival
depending on: (1) the cell types in the vicinity, (2) the amount of each cytokine
produced, (3) different sites, and (4) if it acts in a synergistic or antagonistic
manner with other cytokines. This review focuses on cytokines that manipulate the
alloimmune response after organ transplantation and that play a role either in graft
rejection (yin) or tolerance (yang).
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