Willis Caveness [
] is credited with the first account of toxicity from Loxosceles reclusa in 1872 involving a Tennessee man with fever following an insect bite. It was not
until 1929 that Schmaus [
[2]
] described skin injury associated with the bite. In 1957, Atkins and colleagues [
[3]
] proposed that the bite of L reclusa caused skin necrosis similar to that of its South American relative L laeta. “…[I]t is not unduly presumptive tentatively to assign to L reclusus the same relationship with cutaneous arachnoidism [sic] in Missouri that L laeta bears to that condition in South America” [
[3]
]. From the beginning, the diagnosis of brown recluse spider bite was based on supposition
much more than fact.To read this article in full you will need to make a payment
Purchase one-time access:
Academic & Personal: 24 hour online accessCorporate R&D Professionals: 24 hour online accessOne-time access price info
- For academic or personal research use, select 'Academic and Personal'
- For corporate R&D use, select 'Corporate R&D Professionals'
Subscribers receive full online access to your subscription and archive of back issues up to and including 2002.
Content published before 2002 is available via pay-per-view purchase only.
Subscribe:
Subscribe to Clinics in Laboratory MedicineAlready a print subscriber? Claim online access
Already an online subscriber? Sign in
Register: Create an account
Institutional Access: Sign in to ScienceDirect
References
- Insect bite complicated by fever.Nashville J Med Surg. 1982; 10: 333
- Case of arachnoidism (spider bite).JAMA. 1929; 92: 1265-1266
- Probable cause of necrotic spider bite in the midwest.Science. 1957; 126: 73
- Loxosceles reclusus.Bull Am Mus Nat Hist. 1940; 77: 317
- Bites of brown recluse spiders and suspected necrotic arachnidism.N Engl J Med. 2005; 352: 700-707
- Arachnology: scavenging by brown recluse spiders.Nature. 2003; 426: 6
- An infestation of 2,055 brown recluse spiders (Araneae: Sicariidae) and no envenomations in a Kansas home: implications for bite diagnoses in nonendemic areas.J Med Entomol. 2002; 39: 948-951
- Loxoscelism and necrotic arachnidism.J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 1983; 21: 451-472
- Missouri brown recluse spider: a review and update.Mo Med. 1998; 95: 318-322
- The diagnosis and treatment of brown recluse spider bites.Ann Emerg Med. 1987; 16: 945-949
- Hemolytic anemia following brown spider (Loxosceles reclusa) bite.Clin Toxicol. 1978; 12: 531-534
- North American loxoscelism.JAMA. 1964; 188: 153-156
- Spider bite hemolytic anemia: positive Coombs' test, erythrophagocytosis, and leukoerythroblastic smear.Am J Clin Path. 1984; 81: 683-687
Gotten H, MacGowan JJ. Blackwater fever (Hemoglobinuria) caused by a spider. JAMA 1940;113:1547.
- Toxicity from a bite of the brown spider (Loxosceles reclusus): skin necrosis, hemolytic anemia, and hemoglobinuria in a nine-year-old child.Clin Pediatr (Phila). 1972; 11: 641-644
- A case of spider bite with severe hemolytic reaction.An Pediatr (Barc). 1964; 33: 283-284
- Hemolytic anemia following a presumptive brown recluse spider bite.J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 1994; 32: 451-456
- Severe systemic toxicity from a spider bite in a six-year-old boy.J Tenn Med Assoc. 1979; (Feb):109–11
- Report of fatality: spider bite (Loxosceles).IMJ Ill Med J. 1970; 137: 339
- The brown recluse spider: a sometimes fatal bite.J Emerg Nurs. 1992; 18: 101-103
- Hemolysis, renal failure and death, presumed secondary to bite of brown recluse spider.South Med J. 1966; 59: 1209-1211
- Disseminated intravascular coagulopathy following fatal brown spider bite (necrotic arachnidism).J Pediatr. 1972; 80: 1035-1037
- Brown recluse spider envenomation as a cause of hemolysis and hemoglobinuria.Vet Hum Toxicol. 1991; 33: 359
- Severe intravascular hemolysis associated with brown recluse spider envenomation: a report of two cases and review of the literature.Am J ClinPath. 1995; 104: 463-467
- Brown spider bites: a survey of the current problem.J Kans Med Soc. 1960; 61: 371-385
- Hemolytic anemia from brown spider bite: Necrotic arachnidism.J Okla State Med Assoc. 1962; 55: 234-236
- Brown spider bite with severe hemolytic phenomena.J Okla State Med Assoc. 1964; 57: 218-223
- 1994 annual report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers Toxic Exposure Surveillance System.Am J Emerg Med. 1995; 13: 551-597
- 1999 annual report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers Toxic Exposure Surveillance System.Am J Emerg Med. 2000; 18: 517-574
- 1988 annual report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers National Data Collection System.Am J Emerg Med. 1989; 7: 495-545
- 1987 annual report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers National Data Collection System.Am J of Emerg Med. 1988; 6: 479-515
- 1983 Annual report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers National Data Collection System.Am J Emerg Med. 1984; 2: 420-443
- 2003 Annual report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers Toxic Exposure Surveillance System.Am J Emerg Med. 2004; 22: 335-404
- 2004 Annual report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers Toxic Exposure Surveillance System.Am J Emerg Med. 2005; 23: 589-666
- Brown recluse spider bites.J Emerg Med. 1986; 4: 457-462
- Dermatological emergencies.Am J Emerg Med. 1994; 12: 217-237
- Necrotizing dermatitis in patients receiving cancer chemotherapy.Postgrad Med. 1987; 81: 263-271
- Brown recluse spider envenomation: a prospective trial of hyperbaric oxygen therapy.Acad Emerg Med. 1997; 4: 184-192
- Lyme disease misdiagnosed as a brown recluse spider bite.Ann Intern Med. 1987; 106: 782
- Wound care of spider and snake envenomations.Ann Emerg Med. 1988; 17: 1331-1335
- The brown recluse spider bite.Ann Plast Surg. 1988; 20: 447-452
- Brown recluse spider bites: five cases with a review of the literature.JACEP. 1976; 5: 262-264
- The unremarkable brown recluse spider bite.JAMA. 1973; 225: 1109-1111
- Loxosceles arizonica bite associated with shock.Ann Emerg Med. 1997; 30: 701-703
- An outbreak of venomous spider bites in a citrus grove.Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1995; 52: 228-230
- Management of the brown recluse spider bite to the glans penis.Mil Med. 1996; 161: 627-629
- Wound assessment of the Loxosceles reclusa spider bite.J Emerg Nurs. 1996; 22: 283-287
- Brown recluse spider bites of the upper extremity.South Med J. 1988; 81: 181-184
- Loxoscelism of the eyelids.Arch Ophthalmol. 1980; 98: 1997-2000
- Upper airway obstruction caused by brown recluse spider envenomization of the neck.Am J Emerg Med. 1996; 14: 660-662
- Persistent segmental cutaneous anesthesia after a brown recluse spider bite.South Med J. 1990; 83: 1321-1323
- Brown recluse spider bite.NCMJ. 1972; 33: 421-424
- Dapsone use for Loxosceles envenomation treatment.Vet Hum Toxicol. 1984; 26: 260
- Incompatibility associated with the bite of a brown recluse spider (Loxosceles reclusa).Transfusion. 1983; 23: 233-236
- Presumed arachnidism: a case report (in Connecticut).Int J Dermatol. 1986; 25: 44-48
- Management of the brown recluse spider bite.J Pediatr Surg. 1989; 24: 126-127
- Pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia and pyoderma gangrenosum after a brown recluse spider bite.S Med J. 1990; 83: 243-246
- Morbidity of brown recluse spider bites: clinical picture, treatment and prognosis.Acta Derm Veneriol. 1991; 71: 337-340
- Dapsone treatment of a brown recluse bite.JAMA. 1983; 250: 648
- Life-threatening hemolysis following a brown recluse spider bite.J Tenn Med Assoc. 1995; 88: 396-397
- Images in clinical medicine: loxoscelism.N Engl J Med. 1998; 339: 379
- Brown recluse spider bites a comparison of early surgical excision versus dapsone and delayed surgical excision.Ann Surg. 1985; 202: 659-663
- Do brown recluse spider bites induce pyoderma gangrenosum?.South Med J. 1985; 78: 283-287
- Multiple brown recluse spider envenomation.J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 1996; 86: 174-176
- Transverse myelitis and paralysis from a brown recluse spider bite.Mo Med. 1975; 72: 603-604
- Arachnidism by Loxosceles laeta.Arch Dermatol. 1961; 83: 139-142
- 1990 South Carolina Physician Survey of tick, spider and fire ant morbidity.J South Carolina Med Assoc. 1991; 87: 429-432
- Treatment of clinically diagnosed brown recluse spider bites with hyperbaric oxygen: a clinical observation.J Ark Med Soc. 1986; 83: 199-204
- Dapsone in the treatment of presumed brown recluse spider bite of the eyelid.Ophthalmic Surg. 1985; 16 (p. 115, 116–7, 120)
- Case report: dapsone hypersensitivity syndrome associated with treatment of the bite of a brown recluse spider.Am J Med Sci. 1988; 296: 270-271
- Clinical presentation and outcome of brown recluse spider bite.Ann Emerg Med. 1997; 30: 28-32
- Persistent painful plaque due to a brown recluse spider bite.Cutis. 1992; 50: 273-275
- Thrombocytopenia associated with brown recluse spider bite.J Emerg Med. 1994; 12: 389
- Preliminary studies on venom from the brown recluse spider Loxosceles reclusa.Toxicon. 1969; 6: 161-165
- Red blood cell lysis induced by the venom of the brown recluse spider: the role of sphingomyelinase D.Arch Biochem Biophys. 1978; 187: 355-365
- Platelet aggregation and sphingomyelinase D activity of a purified toxin from the venom of Loxosceles reclusa.Biochim Biophys Acta. 1981; 678: 467-476
- Interaction of brown recluse spider venom on cell membranes: the inciting mechanism?.J Invest Derm. 1984; 83: 270-275
- Plasma components are required for platelet activation by the toxin of Loxosceles reclusa.Toxicon. 1988; 26: 1035-1045
- Sphingomyelinases in the venom of the spider Loxosceles intermedia are responsible for both dermonecrosis and complement-dependent hemolysis.Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1998; 251: 366-373
- Incorporation of a 35-kilodalton purified protein from Loxosceles intermedia spider venom transforms human erythrocytes into activators of autologous complement alternative pathway.J Immunol. 1995; 155: 4459-4466
- Loxosceles spider venom induces metalloproteinase mediated cleavage of MCP/CD46 and MHCI and induces protection against C-mediated lysis.Immunol. 2002; 106: 102-110
- Sphingomyelinase D activity of brown recluse spider (Loxosceles reclusa) venom as studied by 31P-NMR: effects on the time-course of sphingomyelin hydrolysis.Toxicon. 1998; 36: 537-545
- Systemic effect in mice of venom apparatus extract and toxin from the brown recluse spider (Loxosceles reclusa).Toxicon. 1981; 19: 463-471
- C-reactive protein as a mediator in the lysis of human erythrocytes sensitized by brown recluse spider venom.Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1981; 167: 493-497
- Location of brown recluse venom attachment sites on human erythrocytes by the ferritin-labeled antibody technique.Am J Pathol. 1979; 95: 675-682
- Chemotactic activity of venom from the brown recluse spider (Loxoscelles reclusa).Toxicon. 1979; 17: 55-60
- Lysis of human erythrocytes by venom from the brown recluse spider, Loxosceles reclusa.Toxicon. 1978; 16: 85-88
- Serum amyloid P component: its role in platelet activation stimulated by sphingomyelinase D purified from the venom of the brown recluse spider (Loxosceles reclusa).Toxicon. 1990; 28: 1303-1315
- The necrotic venom of the brown recluse spider induces dysregulated endothelial cell-dependent neutrophil activation: differential induction of GM-CSF, IL-8, and E-selectin expression.J Clin Invest. 1994; 94: 631-642
- Arachnidism in rabbits. Necrotic lesions due to the brown recluse spider.Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1971; 91: 97-100
- Direct correlation between diffusion of Loxosceles reclusa venom and extent of dermal inflammation.Acad Emerg Med. 2001; 8: 309-314
- The role of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in the lesion caused by the venom of the brown spider, Loxosceles reclusa.Lab Invest. 1970; 22: 90-93
- Brown recluse spider envenomation of the eyelid: an animal model.Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 1995; 11: 153-164
- Management of the brown recluse spider bite.J Pediatr Surg. 1989; 24: 147
- The pathogenesis of systemic loxoscelism following brown recluse spider bites.J Surg Res. 1983; 35: 1-10
- Passive hemagglutination inhibition test for diagnosis of brown recluse spider bite envenomation.Clin Chem. 1993; 39: 2104-2107
- Serodiagnostic test for Loxosceles reclusa bites.Clin Toxicol. 1974; 7: 375-382
- An in vitro test for Loxosceles reclusa spider bites.Toxicon. 1973; 11: 465-470
- ELISA for the detection of venom antigens in experimental and clinical envenoming by Loxosceles intermedia spiders.Toxicon. 1998; 36: 563-569
- A new assay for the detection of Loxosceles species (brown recluse) spider venom.Ann Emerg Med. 2002; 39: 469-474
- Detection of Loxosceles species venom in dermal lesions: a comparison of 4 venom recovery methods.Ann Emerg Med. 2002; 39: 475-480
- Detection of Loxosceles venom in lesional hair shafts and skin: application of a specific immunoassay to identify dermonecrotic arachnidism.Am J Emerg Med. 2000; 18: 626-628
- The brown recluse spider bite: controlled evaluation of treatment using the white rabbit as an animal model.S Med J. 1971; 64: 1194-1202
- Management of the brown recluse spider bite.Plast Reconstr Surg. 1981; 68: 768-773
- Dapsone or electric shock therapy of brown recluse spider envenomation?.Ann Emerg Med. 1994; 24: 21-25
- Comparison of colchicine, dapsone, triamcinolone, and diphenhydramine therapy for the treatment of brown recluse spider envenomation: a double-blind, controlled study in a rabbit model.Arch Dermatol. 2005; 141: 595-597
- Comparison of hyperbaric oxygen and dapsone therapy for loxosceles envenomation.Acad Emer Med. 1996; 3: 758-761
- Effect of hyperbaric oxygen on sphingomyelinase D activity of brown recluse spider (Loxosceles reclusa) venom as studied by 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1997; 56: 335-338
- Therapy of brown spider envenomation: a controlled trial of hyperbaric oxygen, dapsone, and cyproheptadine.Ann Emerg Med. 1995; 25: 363-368
- Hyperbaric oxygen effects on brown recluse spider (Loxosceles reclusa) envenomation in rabbits.Toxicon. 1991; 29: 989-996
- A controlled trial of topical nitroglycerin in a New Zealand white rabbit model of brown recluse spider envenomation.Ann Emerg Med. 2001; 37: 161-165
- Immunological studies of Brown recluse spider venom.Infect Immun. 1974; 10: 1412-1419
- Effects of antiserum on the systemic response in mice caused by a component isolated from an extract of the brown recluse spider (Loxosceles reclusa) venom apparatus.Toxicon. 1980; 18: 663-666
- Intradermal anti-Loxosceles Fab fragments attenuate dermonecrotic arachnidism.Acad Emerg Med. 1999; 6: 1195-1202
- Loxoscelism: old obstacles, new directions.Ann Emerg Med. 2004; 44: 608-624
- Identifying and misidentifying the brown recluse spider.Dermatol Online J. 1999; 5: 7
- Reports of presumptive brown recluse spider bites reinforce improbable diagnosis in regions of North America where the spider is not endemic.Clin Infect Dis. 2002; 35: 442-445
Article info
Identification
Copyright
© 2006 Elsevier Inc. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
