The evolution of the intraductal approach has been slow until the last decade. George
Papanicolaou [
[1]
] proposed a screen for breast cancer using nipple fluid, but the relative scarceness
of nipple fluid clinically discouraged enthusiasm for this approach. In the 1960s,
Otto Sartorius [
[2]
], a private practice breast surgeon in Southern California, and colleagues began intensive
efforts with both nipple fluid cytology and galactograms to identify intraductal precursors
of breast cancer. They had limited success at identifying some subcentimeter breast
cancers, but the lack of publication of their efforts left the field incomplete and
fallow. By the late 1960s, interest by researchers at the University of California,
San Francisco (UCSF) inspired a longitudinal study of nipple fluid in women in the
San Francisco bay area. The combined studies of this era have now given us almost
30 years of follow-up of a standardized approach to nipple aspiration, and the meaning
of both fluid production and cytologic changes within that fluid [
[3]
]. As longer follow-up of these original nipple aspiration studies showed increasing
clinical relevance, the late 1990s showed renewed interest in an intraductal approach
to both breast cancer and precancer detection amongst United States researchers.To read this article in full you will need to make a payment
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