In 2003, there were an estimated 35,000 new cases and 12,480 deaths in the United
States attributed to tumors of the kidney and ureter [
[1]
]; of these, approximately 75% are renal cell carcinoma (RCC) [
[2]
]. The bulk of the literature in RCC reflects clear cell RCC because it accounts for
approximately 70% of all adult epithelial kidney tumors in surgically resected series
[
[3]
]. The incidence seems to be increasing [
[4]
]. Most cases occur in adults who are older than 40 years of age, although no age group—including
children—is spared [
[5]
]. There is a male preponderance with approximately a 1.5:1 ratio [
[1]
]. There is a higher incidence among blacks than among whites in North America [
[4]
]. Outside of the major hereditary disorders (von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease, tuberous
sclerosis), smoking is considered to be the single most important risk factor for
the development of RCC [
6
,
7
,
8
]. Other factors that are linked to RCC include obesity, particularly in women [
9
,
10
,
11
], and a variety of chemical agents [
12
,
13
,
14
]. Although long-term phenacetin and acetaminophen use has been linked to renal cell
carcinoma, the former is associated much more strongly with transitional cell carcinoma
of the renal pelvis [
[15]
]. RCC has been reported in association with AIDS [
[16]
].To read this article in full you will need to make a payment
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