Prenatal testing for infectious diseases is performed frequently and for a variety
of indications. In the United States, several prenatal diagnostic tests for infection
are performed routinely (eg, Rapid Plasma Reagin or Venereal Disease Research Laboratory
Test for syphilis, hepatitis B surface antigen, and tests for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae). HIV testing also is now routinely offered at the first prenatal visit. Additional
screening tests are performed depending on the assessment of risk of disease. In each
case, the accuracy of testing is paramount to avoid undue anxiety, prevent unnecessary
treatment, and detect potentially harmful infection. For this reason, a combination
of diagnostic tests is often used, including culture, serology, avidity testing, or
polymerase chain reaction (PCR), to obtain the best result.
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