Advertisement
Review article| Volume 22, ISSUE 4, P927-936, December 2002

Cyclospora cayetanensis

  • David R Shlim
    Correspondence
    Jackson Hole Travel and Tropical Medicine, Post Office Box 40, Kelly, WY 83011, USA
    Affiliations
    Jackson Hole Travel and Tropical Medicine, Post Office Box 40, Kelly, WY 83011, USA
    The Canadian International Water and Energy Consultants Clinic Travel Medicine Center, Kathmandu, Nepal
    Search for articles by this author
      The organism that would come to be known as Cyclospora cayetanensis was independently discovered and reported at least five times from 1979 to 1993. The first acknowledged recognition of the organism was in 1979, when Ashford reported three cases of diarrhea associated with a previously unrecognized organism, which he postulated to be a coccidian. The article included photographs that later confirmed the identity of C cayentanensis in retrospect [
      • Ashford R.W.
      Occurrence of an undescribed coccidian in man in Papua New Guinea.
      ]. The report received little attention, and only came to light in retrospect when C cayetanensis was rediscovered a decade later. The next known report of the organism was in an abstract published in 1986 by Rosemary Soave [
      • Soave R.
      • Dubey J.P.
      • Ramos L.J.
      • Tummings M.
      A new intestinal pathogen.
      ], who described what she thought was a new, pathogenic coccidian.
      To read this article in full you will need to make a payment

      Purchase one-time access:

      Academic & Personal: 24 hour online accessCorporate R&D Professionals: 24 hour online access
      One-time access price info
      • For academic or personal research use, select 'Academic and Personal'
      • For corporate R&D use, select 'Corporate R&D Professionals'

      Subscribers receive full online access to your subscription and archive of back issues up to and including 2002.

      Content published before 2002 is available via pay-per-view purchase only.

      Subscribe:

      Subscribe to Clinics in Laboratory Medicine
      Already a print subscriber? Claim online access
      Already an online subscriber? Sign in
      Institutional Access: Sign in to ScienceDirect

      References

        • Ashford R.W.
        Occurrence of an undescribed coccidian in man in Papua New Guinea.
        Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 1979; 73: 497-500
        • Soave R.
        • Dubey J.P.
        • Ramos L.J.
        • Tummings M.
        A new intestinal pathogen.
        Clin Res. 1986; 34 ([abstract]?): 533A
        • Shlim D.R.
        • Cohen M.T.
        • Eaton M.
        • Rajah R.
        • Long E.G.
        • Ungar B.L.P.
        An alga-like organism associated with an outbreak of prolonged diarrhea among foreigners in Nepal.
        Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1991; 45: 383-389
        • Clarke S.C.
        • McIntyre M.
        The incidence of Cyclospora cayetanensis in stool samples submitted to a district general hospital.
        Epidemiol Infect. 1996; 117: 189-193
        • Long E.G.
        • Ebrahimzadeh A.
        • White E.H.
        • Swisher B.
        • Callaway C.S.
        Alga associated with diarrhea in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and in travelers.
        J Clin Microbiol. 1990; 28: 1101-1104
        • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
        Outbreaks of diarrheal illness associated with cyanobacteria (blue-green algae)-like bodies—Chicago and Nepal, 1989 and 1990.
        MMWR. 1991; 40: 325-327
        • Ortega Y.R.
        • Sterling C.R.
        • Gilman R.H.
        • et al.
        Cyclospora species—a new protozoan pathogen of humans.
        NEJM. 1993; 328: 1308-1312
        • Relman D.A.
        • Schmidt T.M.
        • Gajadhar A.
        • et al.
        Molecular phylogenetic analysis of Cyclospora, the human intestinal pathogen, suggests that it is closely related to Eimeria species.
        J Infect Dis. 1996; 173: 440-445
        • Lopez F.A.
        • Manglicmot J.
        • Schmidt T.M.
        • et al.
        Molecular characterization of Cyclospora-like organisms from baboons.
        J Infect Dis. 1999; 179: 670-676
        • Eberhard M.L.
        • Ortega Y.R.
        • Hanes D.E.
        • et al.
        Attempts to establish experimental Cyclospora cayetanensis infection in laboratory animals.
        J Parasitol. 2000; 86: 577-582
        • Hoge C.W.
        • Shlim D.R.
        • Rajah R.
        • et al.
        Epidemiology of diarrhoeal illness associated with coccidian-like organism among travelers and foreign residents in Nepal.
        Lancet. 1993; 341: 1175-1179
        • Bern C.
        • Hernandez B.
        • Lopez M.B.
        • et al.
        The contrasting epidemiology of Cyclospora and Cryptosporidium among outpatients in Guatemala.
        Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2001; 63: 231-235
        • Herwaldt B.L.
        Cyclospora cayetanensis: a review, focusing on the outbreaks of Cyclosporiasis in the 1990s.
        Clin Infect Dis. 2000; 31: 1040-1057
        • Connor B.A.
        • Shlim D.R.
        • Scholes J.V.
        • Rayburn J.L.
        • Reidy J.
        • Rajah R.
        Pathologic changes in the small bowel in nine patients with diarrhea associated with a coccidia-like body.
        Ann Intern Med. 1993; 119: 377-382
        • Bendall U.P.
        • Lucas S.
        • Moody A.
        • Tovey G.
        • Chiodini P.L.
        Diarrhoea associated with cyanobacterium-like bodies: a new coccidian enteritis of man.
        Lancet. 1993; 341: 590-592
        • Connor B.A.
        • Reidy J.
        • Soave R.
        Cyclosporiasis: clinical and histopathologic correlates.
        Clin Infect Dis. 1999; 28: 1216-1222
        • Sun T.
        • Hardi C.F.
        • Asnis D.
        • et al.
        Light and electron microscopic identification of Cyclospora species in the small intestine: evidence of the presence of asexual life cycle in human host.
        Am J Clin Pathol. 1996; 105: 216-220
        • Hoge C.W.
        • Shlim D.R.
        • Ghimire M.
        • et al.
        Placebo-controlled trial of cotrimaxazole for cyclospora infections among travelers and foreign residents in Nepal.
        Lancet. 1995; 345: 691-693
        • Pape J.W.
        • Verdier R.-I.
        • Boncy M.
        • et al.
        Cyclospora infection in adults infected with HIV: clinical manifestations, treatment, and prophylaxis.
        Ann Intern Med. 1994; 121: 654-657
        • Verdier R.-I.
        • Fitzgerald D.W.
        • Johnson W.D.
        • et al.
        Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole compared with ciprofloxacin for treatment and prophylaxis of Isospora belli and Cyclospora cayetanensis infection in HIV-infected patients.
        Ann Intern Med. 2000; 132: 885-888
        • Dean A.G.
        • Jones T.C.
        Seasonal gastroenteritis and malabsorption at an American military base in the Phillipines: 1. Clinical and epidemiologic investigations of the acute illness.
        Am J Epidemiol. 1972; 95: 111-127
        • Huang P.
        • Weber J.T.
        • Sosin D.M.
        • et al.
        The first reported outbreak of diarrheal illness associated with Cyclospora in the United States.
        Ann Intern Med. 1995; 123: 409-414
        • Casemore D.P.
        Cyclospora: another “new” pathogen.
        J Med Microbiol. 1994; 41: 217-219
        • Herwaldt B.L.
        • Beach M.J.
        Cyclospora Working Group. The return of Cyclospora in 1997: another outbreak of cyclosporiasis in North America associated with imported raspberries.
        Ann Intern Med. 1999; 130: 210-220
        • Hale D.
        • Aldeen W.
        • Carroll K.
        Diarrhea associated with cyanobacterialike bodies in an immumocompetent host: An unusual epidemiologic source.
        JAMA. 1994; 271: 144-145
        • Ooi W.W.
        • Zimmerman S.K.
        • Needham C.A.
        Cyclospora species as a gastrointestinal pathogen in immunocompetent hosts.
        J Clin Microbiol. 1995; 35: 1267-1269
        • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
        Outbreaks of pseudo-infection with Cyclospora and Cryptosporidium—Florida and New York City, 1995.
        MMWR. 1997; 46: 355-358
        • Long E.G.
        • White E.H.
        • Carmichael W.W.
        • et al.
        Morphologic and staining characteristics of a cyanobacterium–like organism associated with diarrhea.
        J Infect Dis. 1991; 164: 199-202
        • Visvesvara G.S.
        • Moura H.
        • Kovacs–Nace E.
        • et al.
        Uniform staining of Cyclospora oocysts in fecal smears by a modified safranin technique with microwave heating.
        J Clin Microbiol. 1997; 35: 730-733
        • Medina-De La Garza C.E.
        • Garcia-Lopez H.L.
        • Salina-Carmona M.C.
        • et al.
        Use of discontinuous Percoll gradients to isolate Cyclospora oocysts.
        Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 1997; 91: 319-321