Human infections due to Bartonella species have been recognized since pre-Colombian times. Depictions of the cutaneous
phase of infection with Bartonella bacilliformis, called verruga peruana, may be seen on pottery and ruins from Andean regions of
South America. Alberto Barton identified B bacilliformis within erythrocytes in 1905, but this remained the sole member of the genus named
for him until the early 1990s when Rochalimaea quintana (formerly Rickettsia quintana) and R henselae were reclassified as Bartonellae [
[1]
]. Since that time, an increasing number of Bartonella species have been recognized in nature and currently seven have been reported to
cause human disease. The majority of human infections in North America and Europe
are due to two species, B henselae and B quintana [
[2]
]. A burgeoning volume of literature in this field describing clinical manifestations,
epidemiology, phylogeny, diagnosis, and treatment has ensued. This article focuses
on the use of microbiologic, serologic, and molecular means to aid in the clinical
diagnosis of Bartonella infections.To read this article in full you will need to make a payment
Purchase one-time access:
Academic & Personal: 24 hour online accessCorporate R&D Professionals: 24 hour online accessOne-time access price info
- For academic or personal research use, select 'Academic and Personal'
- For corporate R&D use, select 'Corporate R&D Professionals'
Subscribers receive full online access to your subscription and archive of back issues up to and including 2002.
Content published before 2002 is available via pay-per-view purchase only.
Subscribe:
Subscribe to Clinics in Laboratory MedicineAlready a print subscriber? Claim online access
Already an online subscriber? Sign in
Register: Create an account
Institutional Access: Sign in to ScienceDirect
References
- Bartonella henselae, B. quintana, and B. bacilliformis: historical pathogens of emerging significance.Microbes Infect. 2000; 2: 1193-1205
- 16S/23S rRNA intergenic spacer regions for phylogenetic analysis, identification, and subtyping of Bartonella species.J Clin Microbiol. 2001; 39: 2768-2778
- Chronic Bartonella quintana bacteremia in homeless patients.N Engl J Med. 1999; 340: 184-189
- Bartonella quintana and urban trench fever.Clin Infect Dis. 2000; 31: 131-135
- Serodiagnosis of Bartonella bacilliformis infection by indirect fluorescence antibody assay: test development and application to a population in an area of bartonellosis endemicity.J Clin Microbiol. 2000; 38: 4269-4271
- La maladie des greffes de chat.Bull Mem Soc Med Hop Paris. 1950; 66: 76-79
- Detection of Rochalimaea henselae DNA in specimens from cat scratch disease patients by PCR.J Clin Microbiol. 1994; 32: 942-948
- Syndrome of Rochalimaea henselae adenitis suggesting cat scratch disease.Ann Intern Med. 1993; 118: 331-336
- Cat-scratch disease. Isolation and culture of the bacterial agent.JAMA. 1988; 259: 1347-1352
- Serological response to “Rochalimaea henselae” antigen in suspected cat-scratch disease.Lancet. 1992; 339: 1443-1445
- Bartonella henselae neuroretinitis in cat scratch disease: diagnosis, management, and sequelae.Ophthalmology. 1998; 105: 459-466
- Neuroretinitis, aseptic meningitis, and lymphadenitis associated with Bartonella (Rochalimaea) henselae infection in immunocompetent patients and patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1.Clin Infect Dis. 1995; 21: 352-360
- Demonstration of Bartonella grahamii DNA in ocular fluids of a patient with neuroretinitis.J Clin Microbiol. 1999; 37: 4034-4038
- Diagnosis of 22 new cases of Bartonella endocarditis.Ann Intern Med. 1996; 125: 646-652
- Use of the polymerase chain reaction and DNA sequencing for detection of Bartonella quintana in the aortic valve of a patient with culture-negative infective endocarditis.Clin Infect Dis. 1995; 21: 891-896
- Chronic active myocarditis following acute Bartonella henselae infection (Cat scratch disease).Am J Surg Pathol. 2001; 25: 1211-1214
- Subacute Bartonella infection in Swedish orienteers succumbing to sudden unexpected cardiac death or having malignant arrhythmias.Scand J Infect Dis. 2001; 33: 429-438
- Cat-scratch disease and bacillary angiomatosis.in: Rakel R.E Bope E.T Conn's current therapy 2002. WB Saunders, Philadelphia2002: 161-163
- Bacillary angiomatosis and bacillary splenitis in immunocompetent adults.Ann Intern Med. 1993; 118: 363-365
- Infections associated with Bartonella species in persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus.Clin Infect Dis. 1995; 21: S94-S98
- Bacillary angiomatosis or Kaposi's sarcoma?.N Engl J Med. 1997; 337: 1888
- Isolation of Bartonella (Rochalimaea) henselae: effects of methods of blood collection and handling.J Clin Microbiol. 1997; 35: 544-547
- Isolation and characterization by immunofluorescence, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, western blot, restriction fragment length polymorphism-PCR, 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of Rochalimaea quintana from a patient with bacillary angiomatosis.J Clin Microbiol. 1994; 32: 1166-1171
- Culture of Bartonella quintana and Bartonella henselae from human samples: a 5-year experience (1993 to 1998).J Clin Microbiol. 1999; 37: 1899-1905
- Molecular epidemiology of Bartonella infections in patients with bacillary angiomatosis-peliosis.N Engl J Med. 1997; 337: 1876-1883
- Characterization of Bartonella henselae-specific immunity in BALB/c mice.Immunol. 1999; 97: 352-358
- Development and evaluation of a blood-free medium for determining growth curves and optimizing growth of Rochalimaea henselae.J Clin Microbiol. 1993; 31: 1882-1885
- Detection of Bartonella (Rochalimaea) henselae bacteremia using BacT/Alert blood culture system.Am J Clin Pathol. 1995; 104: 530-536
- A chemically defined liquid medium that supports primary isolation of Rochalimaea (Bartonella) henselae from blood and tissue specimens.J Clin Microbiol. 1995; 33: 742-744
- Isolation of Rochalimaea species from cutaneous and osseous lesions of bacillary angiomatosis.N Engl J Med. 1992; 327: 1625-1631
- Bartonella (Rochalimaea) quintana bacteremia in inner-city patients with chronic alcoholism.N Engl J Med. 1995; 332: 424-428
- Bacteremia due to Rochalimaea henselae in a child: practical identification of isolates in the clinical laboratory.J Clin Microbiol. 1993; 31: 2381-2386
- Studies on trench fever.Path Microbiol. 1961; 24: 152-166
- Trench fever.Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1969; 18: 708-712
- Bartonellosis (Carrion's disease) in the modern era.Clin Infect Dis. 2001; 33: 772-779
- Sonicated diagnostic immunoblot for Bartonellosis.Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 2000; 7: 1-5
- An outbreak of acute bartonellosis (Oroya fever) in the Urubamba region of Peru, 1998.Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1999; 61: 344-349
- Cat-scratch disease: its natural history.JAMA. 1969; 207: 312-316
- Use of Bartonella antigens for serologic diagnosis of cat-scratch disease at a national referral center.Arch Intern Med. 1995; 155: 1670-1676
- Cat-scratch disease in Hawaii: etiology and seroepidemiology.J Pediatr. 1995; 127: 23-26
- Serodiagnosis of cat scratch disease: response to Bartonella henselae in children and a review of diagnostic methods.Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2001; 20: 392-401
- Serologic responses to Bartonella and Afipia antigens in patients with cat scratch disease.Pediatrics. 1995; 96: 1137-1142
- Cat scratch disease in Connecticut— epidemiology, risk factors, and evaluation of a new diagnostic test.N Engl J Med. 1993; 329: 8-13
- Diagnostic value of the indirect immunofluorescence assay in cat scratch disease with Bartonella henselae and Afipia felis antigens.Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 1996; 3: 200-204
- EIA for detection of Rochalimaea henselae-reactive IgG, IgM, and IgA antibodies in patients with suspected cat-scratch disease.J Infect Dis. 1993; 167: 1503-1504
- Etiology of cat scratch disease: comparison of polymerase chain reaction detection of Bartonella (formerly Rochalimaea) and Afipia felis DNA with serology and skin tests.J Infect Dis. 1995; 171: 916-923
- Evaluation of serological response to Bartonella henselae, Bartonella quintana and Afipia felis antigens in 64 patients with suspected cat-scratch disease.Scand J Infect Dis. 1996; 28: 361-366
- Serology to Bartonella (Rochalimaea) henselae may replace traditional diagnostic criteria for cat-scratch disease.Eur J Pediatr. 1995; 154: 906-908
- Cat-scratch disease, Bartonella henselae, and the usefulness of routine serological testing for Afipia felis.Clin Infect Dis. 1995; 21: 1064
- Immunofluorescent detection of intraerythrocytic Bartonella henselae in naturally infected cats.J Clin Microbiol. 2001; 39: 2978-2980
- Intracellular location of Bartonella henselae cocultivated with Vero cells and used for an indirect fluorescent-antibody test.Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 1995; 2: 693-695
- Characterization of human immunoglobulin (Ig) isotype and IgG subclass response to Bartonella henselae infection.Infect Immun. 1998; 66: 5915-5920
- Pitfalls and fallacies of cat scratch disease serology: evaluation of Bartonella henselae-based indirect fluorescence assay and enzyme-linked immunoassay.J Clin Microbiol. 1997; 35: 1931-1937
- Characterization of a 17-kilodalton antigen of Bartonella henselae reactive with sera from patients with cat scratch disease.J Clin Microbiol. 1995; 33: 2358-2365
- Immune aspects of Bartonella.Crit Rev Microbiol. 2000; 26: 133-145
- Immunologic response to Bartonella henselae as determined by enzyme immunoassay and western blot analysis.Am J Clin Pathol. 1997; 108: 202-209
- In vitro evaluation of the role of humoral immunity against Bartonella henselae.Infect Immun. 1995; 63: 2367-2370
- Cat scratch disease due to Bartonella henselae serotype Marseille (Swiss cat) in a seronegative patient.J Clin Microbiol. 1998; 36: 2800
- Predominance of two Bartonella henselae variants among cat scratch disease patients in The Netherlands.J Clin Microbiol. 1996; 34: 254-260
- New serotype of Bartonella henselae in endocarditis and cat-scratch disease.Lancet. 1995; 347: 441-443
- Bartonella spp. as emerging human pathogens.Clin Microbiol Rev. 1997; 10 ([Apr.]): 203-219
- Seroprevalence of antibodies to Bartonella henselae in patients with cat scratch disease and in healthy controls: evaluation and comparison of two commercial serological tests.Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 1998; 5: 486-490
- Morphological and cell association characteristics of Rochalimaea quintana: comparison of the vole and Fuller strains.J Bacteriol. 1978; 135: 633-640
- Bartonella (Rochalimaea) quintana endocarditis in three homeless men.NEJM. 1995; 332: 419-423
- Serologic response to Bartonella henselae in patients with cat scratch disease and in sick and healthy children.Acta Paediatr. 1999; 88: 284-289
- IgM to Bartonella henselae in cat-scratch disease and during acute Epstein-Barr virus infection.Med Microbiol Immunol. 1998; 186: 167-170
- Relapsing illness due to Rochalimaea henselae in immunocompetent hosts: implication for therapy and new epidemiological associations.Clin Infect Dis. 1992; 14: 683-688
- Evaluation of human seroreactivity to Bartonella species in Sweden.J Clin Microbiol. 1999; 37: 1381-1384
- Seroprevalence of immunoglobulin G antibodies to Bartonella henselae in cat owners.Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 1997; 16: 326-327
- Bartonella (Rochalimaea) antibodies, dementia, and cat ownership among men infected with human immunodeficiency virus.Clin Infect Dis. 1995; 21: 954-959
- Prevalence of Bartonella henselae antibodies among human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients from Bahrain.Clin Infect Dis. 1996; 23: 398-399
- Antibodies to Bartonella species in inner-city intravenous drug users in Baltimore, MD.Arch Intern Med. 1996; 156: 2491-2495
- Prevalence of Bartonella henselae and Bartonella clarridgeiae in stray cats.J Clin Microbiol. 1997; 35: 1327-1331
- Evaluation of commercial slides for detection of immunoglobulin G against Bartonella henselae by indirect immunofluorescence.Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 1997; 16: 648-652
- Serological cross-reactions between Bartonella quintana, Bartonella henselae, and Coxiella burnetii.J Clin Microbiol. 1996; 34: 2270-2274
- Serological cross-reactions between Bartonella and Chlamydia species: implications for diagnosis.J Clin Microbiol. 1997; 35: 2283-2287
- Enzyme immunoassay for the diagnosis of cat-scratch disease defined by polymerase chain reaction.Clin Infect Dis. 2001; 33: 1852-1858
- Bartonellosis in Ecuador: serosurvey and current status of cutaneous verrucous disease.Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1997; 57: 174-179
- Antibodies to Bartonella bacilliformis as determined by fluorescence antibody test, indirect haemagglutination and ELISA.Trop Med Parasitol. 1985; 36: 183-185
- Detection of Rochalimaea henselae DNA by polymerase chain reaction from suppurative nodes of children with cat-scratch disease.Pedatr Infect Dis J. 1994; 13: 994-997
- Phylogenetic relationships among the agent of bacillary angiomatosis, Bartonella bacilliformis, and other alpha-proteobacteria.Mol Microbiol. 1992; 6: 1801-1807
- Molecular analysis of riboflavin synthesis genes in Bartonella henselae and use of the ribC gene for differentiation of Bartonella species by PCR.J Clin Microbiol. 1999; 37: 3159-3166
- Differentiation of pathogenic Bartonella species by infrequent restriction site PCR.J Clin Microbiol. 2000; 38: 3010-3015
- Identification of Bartonella species directly in clinical specimens by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of a 16S rRNA gene fragment.J Clin Microbiol. 1999; 37: 4045-4047
- Use of rpoB gene analysis for detection and identification of Bartonella species.J Clin Microbiol. 2001; 39: 430-437
- Comparison of different DNA fingerprinting techniques for molecular typing of Bartonella henselae isolates.J Clin Microbiol. 1998; 36: 2973-2981
- Isolation of Rochalimaea species.N Engl J Med. 1993; 328: 1422-1423
- Semiquantitative species-specific detection of Bartonella henselae and Bartonella quintana by PCR-enzyme immunoassay.J Clin Microbiol. 1999; 37: 3097-3101
- Principles and applications of methods for DNA-based typing of microbial organisms.J Clin Microbiol. 1999; 37: 1661-1669
- Genomic fingerprinting of Bartonella species by repetitive element PCR for distinguishing species and isolates.J Clin Microbiol. 1995; 33: 1089-1093
- Inter- and intraspecies identification of Bartonella (Rochalimaea) species.J Clin Microbiol. 1995; 33: 1573-1579
- Detection of Bartonella henselae DNA by two different PCR assays and determination of the genotypes of strains involved in histologically defined cat scratch disease.J Clin Microbiol. 1999; 37: 993-997
- Differentiation of Bartonella-like isolates at the species level by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism in the citrate synthase gene.J Clin Microbiol. 1995; 33: 1797-1803
- The use of molecular techniques in the epidemiology and control of infectious diseases.Clin Lab Med. 1995; 15: 407-431
- Molecular diagnosis of cat scratch disease: a two-step approach.J Clin Microbiol. 1997; 35: 1924-1930
- Strategy to detect and identify Bartonella species in routine clinical laboratory yields Bartonella henselae from human immunodeficiency virus-positive patient and unique Bartonella strain from his cat.J Clin Microbiol. 1995; 33: 2107-2113
- Bartonella clarridgeiae, a newly recognized zoonotic pathogen causing inoculation papules, fever, and lymphadenopathy (cat scratch disease).J Clin Microbiol. 1997; 35: 1813-1818
- Rapid polymerase chain reaction-based detection of the causative agent of cat scratch disease (Bartonella henselae) in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded samples.Hum Pathol. 1997; 28: 820-826
- Cat scratch disease. Detection of Bartonella henselae DNA in archival biopsies from patients with clinically, serologically, and histologically defined disease.Am J Pathol. 1996; 149: 2161-2167
- Evaluation and use of a nested polymerase chain reaction assay in cats experimentally infected with Bartonella henselae genotype I and Bartonella henselae genotype II.J Vet Diagn Invest. 2001; 13: 312-322
- Polymerase chain reaction detection of Bartonella henselae bacteraemia in an immunocompetent child with cat-scratch disease.Eur J Pediatr. 2000; 159: 356-359
- Three cases of cat scratch disease diagnosed by indirect immunofluorescence antibody assay and/or polymerase chain reaction of 16S rRNA gene of Bartonella henselae.J Vet Med Sci. 2000; 62: 1321-1324
- DNA amplification for the diagnosis of cat-scratch disease in small-quantity clinical specimens.Am J Clin Pathol. 2001; 115: 900-909
- PCR and sequencing of independent genetic targets for the diagnosis of culture negative bacterial endocarditis.Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2001; 40: 145-149
- Bartonella vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii as an agent of afebrile blood culture-negative endocarditis in a human.J Clin Microbiol. 2000; 38: 1698-1700
- Cat-scratch disease presenting as multifocal osteomyelitis with thoracic abscess.Peditr Infect Dis J. 2001; 20: 1006-1007
- Detection of Bartonella henselae by polymerase chain reaction in brain tissue of an immunocompromised patient with multiple enhancing lesions.J Neurosurg. 1998; 89: 640-644
- The agent of bacillary angiomatosis: an approach to the identification of uncultured pathogens.N Engl J Med. 1990; 323: 1573-1580
- Disseminated cat-scratch disease: detection of Rochalimaea henselae in affected tissue.Eur J Pediatr. 1994; 153: 23-27
- Characterization of Bartonella henselae isolated from bacillary angiomatosis lesions in a human immunodeficiency virus-infected patient in Germany.Clin Infect Dis. 1998; 26: 1296-1299
- Afebrile blood culture-negative endocarditis.Ann Int Med. 1999; 131: 144-146
- Epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of Bartonella quintana and Bartonella henselae endocarditis: A study of 48 patients.Medicine (Baltimore). 2001; 80: 245-251
- Trench Fever.Arch Int Med. 1920; 26: 76-98
- Body lice as tools for diagnosis and surveillance of reemerging diseases.J Clin Microbiol. 1999; 37: 596-599
- Bartonella quintana in body lice collected from homeless persons in Russia.Emerg Infect Dis. 1999; 5 ([letter]): 176-179
- Rochalimaea henselae infection: A new zoonosis with the domestic cat as reservoir.JAMA. 1994; 271: 531-535
- Detection and identification of Ehrlichia, Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, and Bartonella species in Dutch Ixodes ricinus ticks.J Clin Microbiol. 1999; 37: 2215-2222
- Detection of Bartonella bacilliformis in cultures, blood, and formalin preserved skin biopsies by use of the polymerase chain reaction.Trop Med Parasitol. 1992; 43: 191-194
Article info
Identification
Copyright
© 2002 Elsevier Science (USA). Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
